Communism was threatening to Americans post World War II...

Communism was threatening to Americans post World War II because its foundation contradicted the ideology of democracy and capitalism that perpetuated the Western world for so long. Whether it was foreign policy, democracy in action, or the red scare that happened right here at home, anti-communism sentiment was permeated almost all aspects of American life from the war’s end to nearly the end of the century. The Communist threat started twenty years before World War II when Stalin took control over Russia so rapidly with an ideology that was built upon coercion and control. Eventually the USSR would grow into a powerful nation that was deemed a threat to the balance of world power. With the outbreak of war in Europe, a temporary alliance†¦show more content†¦This would be one of the earliest instances where any liberal sentiment towards communism would not be tolerated and it would not end there. When Truman advocated aiding Greece during their civil war, he made sure to underline the main reasons were to ensure democracy not communism would be the only acceptable way of living and since â€Å"There is no other country to which democratic Greece can turn†, America had to save the day. As the years went on, developments in Korea and China went in a way that was not planned. Stalin however saw everything coming together and believed America was losing ground. â€Å"They ar e trying to offset these difficulties with the Marshall plan, the war in Korea, frantic rearmament, and industrial militarization. But that is very much like a drowning man clutching at a straw† (Stalin). While statements like this gave the USSR a boost, it gave America a sense that their national security was faltering and in turn any domestic reassurance was in limited supply. The Red Scare dominated America beginning in 1947 with the Iron Curtain, Berlin Blockade, and many others. In all these instances, people feared about national security both with the situation abroad and right at home as well. When the Soviets successfully detonated an atomic bomb, it coincided with China becoming another Communist threat and widespread hysteria in America. Anyone that spoke or acted out differently was labeled a communist. A great example wasShow MoreRelatedHistory And History : History1540 Words   |  7 PagesAmrozia Shahram History 1301. P09 Essay History is integral part of our lives and historians play an important role to preserve history. Historians are present in every society. They have been around probably throughout the history of humanity. Their work however has become more methodical and systematic now. Modern day historians spend a lot of time searching for the truth from various sources of past information. These days so much information is available and this information is interpretedRead MoreHistory And Its Impact On History808 Words   |  4 PagesHistory is a course that contains a lot of fundamental information. It is a science that studies the past of the human race and the human civilizations, assists us to comprehend the present, so we have a better vision for the future. The History seeks to reconstitute the past event. For the reason, history has its objectives, methods. All the information of history is related to the time and space because the consideration of an historical event requires placing it i n time and in a given space. ByRead MoreHistory3115 Words   |  13 Pagesstudy history? There is no doubt that the primary purpose of schooling is to prepare students to function effectively in the world, and thereby to assist society to function effectively as well. 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1.Teacher Interaction. When I Notice About Interaction

1. Teacher interaction When I notice about interaction development, first I go to the first lab. This is my first time to see a couple of children eating together. Today they eat some noodles with orange juice, some children drink and some are eating. Today my object is Finley who is a very beautiful girl. Finley not anxious to eat, first looking around for a while, with a spoon scoop up a spoon noodle soup, on the mouth blowing a blow into the mouth. He drank countless mouth soup but did not eat noodles. I went over and said softly to him: We want to eat hard, eat more physically good, long high. After listening, he said: Mom said I was good to eat very high I said: Yes! Finley be a bar, and now have their own food! After listening,†¦show more content†¦I think drinking independently is very valuable to cultivate the child s physical ability. Her physical development is expected for her age. 3. Communication development My observed child is Finley. She is 2 years old who is the biggest child in Lab 1. At lunch, most of the children are quietly eating as little kids. In my observation, some children need the teacher s help to eat. A teacher was fed with a younger girl. Good children s eating habits, mostly gradually cultivate from childhood. Training children good eating habits is to ensure a balanced nutrition, good health, mental pleasure, physical and mental development of an important prerequisite. In daily life, we see the bad habits of children, the body is weak. The teacher just smiled and left. In this observation, I concentrate on the verbal expression by Finley. She was very fluently described what happened at that time and she was very loud to announce her point. Her language development is expected as her age. At this time, they are more capable of understanding semantics. Finally, emotional development for this age group focuses on learning to express and control emotions and feelings. A s their sense of self evolves, children need to feel in some control (Holst, 2017, Spring). The child s bad eating habits alone teacher unilateral efforts or not, parents should actively cooperate with the teacher sShow MoreRelatedPre K : Child Development And Interaction1671 Words   |  7 PagesChild-Development and Interaction Gaitri Tulsie Central Connecticut State University Pre-K: Child-development and Interaction The interaction a preschooler has with the surrounding environment, whether it be physical or social, has a significant impact on the child’s development. Ramani (2012), had taken a look at playful environment versus a structured environment to see which one benefited children more when it came to social interaction and joint problem solving. The interaction shown inRead MorePositive Classroom Environments Considering Cultural Diversity1048 Words   |  4 Pageslectures, it is the task of the teacher to set the environment for learning. 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Sculptures Free Essays

Over the course of time, sculptures have helped artists provoke emotions amongst individuals through use of unique structure, solidary formations, and admirable detail. Sculptures enable members of a society to visually understand and identify various historical references by having the ability to both touch and deeply connect with the statue in person. Certain features, which in previous centuries were considered essential to the art of sculpture and its literature aspects, are not present in most forms of modern art, and can no longer form part of its definition. We will write a custom essay sample on Sculptures or any similar topic only for you Order Now Before the twentieth century, sculpture was considered to be an emblematic art, one that imitated forms in life, most often human figures but also inanimate objects most known to mankind. Since the turn of the twentieth century, however, sculpture has also included nonrepresentational forms. Throughout most of World War II, it had been accepted that the forms of such functional three-dimensional objects may be expressive and beautiful without being in any way representational or depictive in creation; but it was only in the late twentieth century that nonfunctional, nonrepresentational, three-dimensional works of art began to be produced for the public to both enjoy at the moment and apply to their lives in the near future. In the imitable sculpture known as the â€Å"International Monument†, Glid Nandor, the remarkably gifted artist who illustrated such a powerful, idiosyncratic form of literature, exceeded the expectations of those around him during the year 1968, and incited a global reaction among communities of various cultures. Glid Nandor’s work of entangled architecture and precise detail accurately demonstrates the pain, travail, and intense anguish that the Jewish and Slavic races faced on a daily basis over the course of World War II throughout Eastern Europe. The work was formally dedicated in September 1968 as a memorial piece to all those that suffered at the hands of Nazi Germany at the Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial Site in Dachau, Germany. Today, it is recognized as one of the most influential, renowned sculptures to ever have been based around the Holocaust in literature history. Upon examining the â€Å"International Monument†, one can see that the sculpture is not flat, but has a depth of about four feet. The hands of the skeletons of the Jewish and Slavic races, which resemble the barbs on a barbed wire fence, are disheveled and snared in a way that demonstrates the human struggle to fight the pain and torment that was inflicted upon the victims of the various Nazi concentration camps. The sculpture itself is said to stand approximately nineteen feet tall and forty-eight feet wide. With this being said, it is clear to pinpoint and recognize that this domineering structure in size symbolizes the withered, scrawny bodies of the prisoners who died of malnourishment and constant infection in the Dachau Concentration Camp. The sculpture is made up of a dark bronze pigmentation that features short strands of barbed wire on which skeletons are hanging with their heads flaccid harshly over the crossed fence, signifying callous distress and weakness to move. Additionally, on either side of the sculpture are concrete fence posts which closely resemble the ones used to support the barbed wire fence around the campsite. Below the sculpture are the dates imprinted in bold text: 1933 – 1945, which are pivotal years in human history in which the Dachau Concentration Camp was first established and had finally closed upon the conclusion of World War II in Eastern Europe, a turning point for the Jewish race and Slavic civilizations. Glid Nandor’s work of literature and perspective is truly remarkable. His ability to wrap the bodies of the victims of the concentration camps and still form one large piece of artwork is beyond his time, which makes his artistic talent all the more adroit. When examining the sculpture as a whole, singular form of prose, instead of focusing on each individual aspect that comprises the work together, it is clear to identify the fence posts, ditches and barbed wire as being reminiscent of the security facilities installed around the camp. The human skeleton commemorates those, who in an act of despondency and desperation, jumped into the barbed wire fence to quickly seal their fate and end their constant agony. Death in the concentration camp was commonplace and ubiquitous. This depiction is not only symbolic, but it also tells the story of the many suicides that were committed in this way in the Dachau Concentration Camp. As the visitor enters further into the incline, the motif of humans caught in barbed wire intensifies, like an altarpiece, suggesting an epidemic of perversities in which the Jewish race sought as their only hope to a phlegmatic life. The sculpture is framed by cement posts that reflect the security installation of the former concentration camp. Glid Nandor’s â€Å"International Monument† illustrates how literature can connect both art and reality within its design if constructed in the most virtuous way possible, and his inimitable approach to conveying the feelings, perceptions, and actions of the Jewish and Slavic races during the Holocaust in his sculpture will forever and always be regarded as nothing short than brilliant amongst his fellow peers. How to cite Sculptures, Papers

Patient Autonomy And Physician Beneficence -Myassignementhelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Patient Autonomy And Physician Beneficence? Answer: Introducation Ethics are the values which guide the actions of the individuals, and are based on the morals of such individual. These morals and values channel the acts undertaken by the people. These ethics translate in the daily lives of people and decide upon the manner in which a person acts. Naturally, these also shape the manner in which the work is done by the individuals (Smith, 2008). When it comes to healthcare, the role of the individuals, in adhering to the ethical values in enhanced. This is because the relationship between the patients and the healthcare professionals is one of trust and care; and due to the dominating position of the healthcare professionals over their patients and the ones related to the patients, it becomes utmost important that the ethics are properly followed. This is particularly due to the patients having certain rights in the kind of treatment they get and the duty of the healthcare professionals to respect the human rights of their patients. One of such righ ts is autonomy, where it is stated that the patients need to have the freedom of deciding upon their lives, which includes the medical treatment they get, and the like. However, a controversial issue in this regard is offered through the concept of paternalism. This concept provides that there should be the right with the healthcare professionals to interfere in the liberty of actions of an individual owing to their welfare, happiness, interests, values, or good (Murgic, et al. 2015). The difference between the two, in terms of healthcare ethics is elucidated below. Along with the clash between the two concepts, the discussion would also highlight the significance of consent and confidentiality in context of healthcare. The overall purpose here is to highlight the key points which are related to healthcare ethics. Consent, or is aptly known as informed consent, in context of healthcare industry, is referred to the permission given by the individual, after they come to know about all of the facts of the case and the possible consequences of undertaking such actions. In doctor-patient relationships, informed consent holds major significance as the patients are required to be given the entire facts of their case and the possible results of their treatment, in order for such patient to given their informed consent to a particular treatment. This allows the patients to analyse all the facts and weigh in the pertinent risks, before they opt for a particular treatment suggested by the healthcare professional (Wear, 2012). This consent is based on the clear understanding, as well as, on the appreciation of factual background, its implications, and the consequences of going forward with the proposed action. Particularly in context of ethics, a proper and informed consent has its roots in the dignity of any individual. This means that the people need to be provided with the adequate reasoning facilities for them to give their consent on the basis of the facts which are relevant to them (Brown, 2011). The concept of consent is based on the basic human rights and on the ethical principle of patient autonomy. The patients have all of the freedom in order to make a decision on what happens to their body and for gathering the relevant information before a surgery, test or procedure is undertaken. A patient cannot be coerced in any manner; the doctors simply have to act as the facilitator of the decision making of the patients. Consent is not only stemmed in ethical principles, but in the legal ones as well. Where the informed consent of the individual is not taken, and the patient is touched by the doctor, it would be treated as battery, which is a physical assault in legal terms, and is also punishable. This makes taking of the consent very crucial in the daily physical examinations. This makes the mutual communication between a patient and doctor instrumental in context of the choice, authorization or permission of the former for acting the latter in a specific manner (Rao, 2008). Another crucial element related to consent is the difference between an implied and express consent. The implied consent, as the name suggests is one which is implied through the conduct of the patient; and the express consent is the one procured expressly from the patient. The difference between the two can be better elucidated through respective examples. When a patient goes in the chamber of the doctor and they express their problems to the doctor, there is an implied consent to the doctor for undertaking the general physical exam and for carrying the routine investigations. However, when it comes to the express consent, the same is needed for intimate examinations. For instance, where an invasive test or a risky procedure is to be undertaken, a specific express consent has to be taken from the patient, which can take form of written consent or oral consent (Snyder and Leffler, 2005). It remains preferable to take written consents in such cases where long term follow up is require d, in addition to the procedure being high risky intervention, surgery or cosmetic procedure. In order to gain the informed consent of the patient, crucial information has to be disclosed which involves the need for further testing, the condition of patient, results of treatment, different available options, possible complications, expected outcome, duration and cost of treatment, and the possible benefits and risks of such treatment (Heywood, Macsakill and Higgins, 2010). The concept of consent is also aligned based on the ECHR, i.e., the European Convention on Human Rights. Under article 3, it is specifically provided that a forced treatment which is given against the wishes of an individual would be deemed as the breach of this article, as this article is related to the inter alia inhumane and degraded treatment (Byrne, 2012). In Ireland, the patient doctor relationship is deemed as a privileged one and is dependent on the trust of the patient in professional conduct of the doctor. This is the reason for issuing a Guide to Professional Conduct and Ethics by the Medical Council for the registered medical practitioners (Medical Council, 2018). Another important concept in health ethics is autonomy v paternalism. Patient autonomy is the basic principle in the concept of professional medical ethics. The ability of recognizing and fostering the same has different dimensions and has been considered of vital significance in the clinical competency of the physicians. Beauchamp and Childress (2001) accepted autonomy as amongst one of the four principles of medical ethics, in addition to justice, beneficence and non-malfeasance. As stated in the introductory segment, autonomy is related to the self-determination or the self-rule, where the patient gets to decide on the treatments they get in a free and independent manner (Tai and Tsai, 2003). Paternalism on the other hand, is just the opposite of autonomy, where the doctors are said to act as the moral agent of the patients and make the best decisions for the patients, even when they can make such decisions for themselves. This is stemmed from the fact that the doctors are experts who can easily make the judgments and decisions as they know what has to be paid attention to and what has to be ignored. This brings forth an ethical dilemma for the healthcare professionals, where they have to choose between providing the patients with the requisite autonomy or giving the doctors the paternalistic freedom of choosing what is best for patients (Lepping, Palmstierna and Raveesh, 2016). In medical ethics, it is necessary to give more significance to paternalism in place of autonomy. To prove this, an example is put forth here. A 32 year old pregnant lady went for a vaginal delivery. Before this pregnancy, she had two babies through emergency caesarean section. And the second baby had been born merely one year ago. As a result of this, the doctors wanted the wide to avoid taking any sort of risk and wanted her to deliver the baby through a caesarean section. Both the husband and the wife were attempted to be convinced by the medical staff; however, they did not agree with the same. As a result of this, the patient was sent back home in order for trail of normal labor. After a period of two weeks, she returned to the hospital with very strong pains and when his delivery was taking place the uterus was ruptured. The doctors were able to deliver the baby in a normal manner but the mother had to be transferred to Intensive Care Unit in order to observe her closely. Howev er, she could not be saved and died a few weeks later (Sayani, 2015). This case helps in raising certain good questions. The very crucial one is whether medical paternalism could have saved the life of the patients? And whether in this case the principle of autonomy was justified? This highlights the ethical dilemma where respecting the autonomy of the couple, the women was exposed to complications, which ultimately resulted in her demise. Had the healthcare professionals taken the decision, there would have been a breach of autonomy of the patient. To put emphasis on paternalism, another example can be put forth. This is the case of suicide, particularly in cases of individuals suffering from psychiatric illness. An individual suffering from psychiatric illness, particularly who are at the risk of committing suicide, cannot be given their autonomy. If the autonomy is given to such patients, they would commit suicide. Even though this could be deemed as giving the individuals the freedom of making their own choices, it would not be ethical on part of t he doctor to allow the patient to be given their autonomy when they know this would result in the patient killing themselves. This is where the fight between the two concepts of autonomy and paternalism takes place. This is the situation where the healthcare practitioners face the ethical dilemma of choosing between the two concepts (Ho, 2014). In this regard, when psychotherapy is performed by the psychiatrists, they initially have the tendency of withholding certain information from their patients. An example of this is that they would not tell their patients the psychodynamics which they infer. In place of this, the information is titrated over a course of time. This is to safeguard the patients from getting overwhelmed and from not returning to get the relevant treatment, which is important for them. However, there are psychiatrists who feel that full information should be shared with the patients and that the patients should be given the time to share this information, even when doing so results in greater harm being caused to the patients. In terms of ethics, the reasoning for sharing of information with the patients could be justifiable and even obligatory in context of increasing their autonomy. This is deemed as more important value in general in place of attaining benefit for the patient by withholding such inform ation from them, even when the information may lead to the patient making the choice which is against their best interest. This information shows transparency and gives equality to the patients to level the playing field (Howe, 2008). A very apt question was raised by Kongsholm and Kappel (2017) regarding the consent being based on information or trust. The research conducted by them provided that in case of participants indulged in medical research, they do not rely upon the information provided to them to give their consent, but instead over the trust which they hold in the researching enterprise or the researcher. The Mental Health Act, 2001 puts an obligation on the healthcare professionals to inform the patients properly about the treatment they are getting, in order for them to gain full knowledge on their situation. This consent is required save for such situations where the opinion of the consultant psychiatrist feels that the treatment is required for the safety of the patient and for alleviating their condition, particularly when the patient is incapable of giving their consent. In essence, here the legislation also gives preference to paternalism over and above autonomy. The decision on the capability o f the patient to make decisions for themselves remains contested. This is because it raises questions on the patient being held capable of making the decision, as this is something which is subjective in nature (Donnelly, 2016). Gillick v West Norfolk Wisbeck Area Health Authority [1986] AC 112 presents a landmark decision where a number of complex legal issues regarding the consent of a minor person were raised. In this case, Mrs Gillick had sought and attained contraceptive advice from a local doctor while she was below the age of giving lawful consent to intercourse. This was based on the guidance which had been issued by the relevant Department of Health and Social Security. She sought a declaration from court asking for the guidance of department to be deemed as illegal and an inference with the paternal duties and rights. The House of Lords had to decide on the extent of parental control over their minor child and whether the child could give consent to medical treatment or contraceptive advice against the knowledge of wishes of their parents. The declaration was dismissed by the court. The consent for treatment could only be given when the person could be deemed as intelligent and sufficient enough t o understand what has been proposed (HRCR, 2018). Again, this highlights the subjectivity in making the decision on the person holding the right to given their consent and continues the clash between autonomy and paternalism. Though, it is a victory for advocates of adolescent autonomy (Cave, 2014). However, one should not forget that this was again based on the question of competence, of a person making decision for them, which is the theme of paternalism. Another substantial point in medical ethics is confidentiality. Confidentiality in healthcare field is of utmost importance as the patients share their personal information in a routine manner with the healthcare providers. In such cases where the confidentiality is not maintained, the data of the patients would not be protected and this would result in the trust present in the physician- patient relationship being diminished. This would make the patients less prone to sharing of the information, particularly the materially sensitive one, which would impact the care provided to the patients in a significant manner. Confidentiality is a necessity for creating a trusting environment where the patient privacy is not only respected but is also protected and encouraged, which allows the patients in being honest in their healthcare visits. This also has the capability of increasing the willingness of the patients for seeking care. In cases where the patients have a stigmatizing condition, which is related to psychiatric health concerns, public health, reproductive or sexual health, the confidentiality helps in assuring that the private information is not disclosed to any person, without their consent being given for the same (Fisher, 2013). This is aligned with the Data Protection Acts 1988 and 2003, where the privacy of individuals is to be protected (Department of Health, 2018). Confidentiality continues to be a key point which ensures that the patients trust the doctors. The moral basis of it is consequentialist owing to the fact that it is meant to improve the welfare of the patients. In essence, it is required for protecting the confidence of general public and for securing the public health. This ethical principle has been upheld for centuries through a Hippocratic Oath. The reason for the same is that in modern medicine, medical confidentiality is not absolute. And the same can be breached with consent, through law, and in public interest (Blightman, Griffiths and Danbury, 2014). Again, confidentiality not being absolute touches the discussion carried earlier in context of interplay of autonomy v paternalism and consent. Where there are concerns regarding the safety of another person, the medical information of a patient can be made available to a person who would normally not be provided with such information. In doing so, the good of the patient is gi ven supremacy, and the patient is safeguarded from credible threat of harm. Here a good enough reason has to be provided to show that the individual is in serious danger and the medical information is crucial. For instances, in cases of homicidal ideation, a psychotherapist or physician can be made to provide the details of an individual prone to harming others. Again, where there is a requirement by the law to provide the medical information in certain situations, the same has to be done (Bord, 2018). To bring the discussion to its conclusion, the preceding parts carried a discussion on the three most significant aspects which are crucial in the healthcare ethics. These three are consent, a clash between autonomy and paternalism, and confidentiality. The discussion started with discussion on what exactly informed consent is. Informed consent requires the patient to be provided with all the relevant information in order for them to make the choice of going forward with a medical procedure or treatment, or to avoid the same. The above carried discussion highlighted how there is a constant clash between autonomy and paternalism and different examples were given to show the supremacy of paternalism over autonomy. This debate is due to the difference in the two concepts where autonomy provides that the patients should be given the choice of making decisions for them, whilst paternalism shows that the experience and the knowledge of the doctors or the healthcare professionals is enough for them to make the wise choice even on behalf of the patient. Through the example of the pregnant lady, who had to lose her life as a result of autonomy being given preference, the supremacy of paternalism was supported. The last aspect discussed above was the due weight being given to the confidentiality of the patients in order for them to trust the healthcare professionals and for them to disclose everything without having to fear for the information being misused or wrongly distributed. However, even the confidentiality of patients is shown to be conditional. 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