Communism was threatening to Americans post World War II...

Communism was threatening to Americans post World War II because its foundation contradicted the ideology of democracy and capitalism that perpetuated the Western world for so long. Whether it was foreign policy, democracy in action, or the red scare that happened right here at home, anti-communism sentiment was permeated almost all aspects of American life from the war’s end to nearly the end of the century. The Communist threat started twenty years before World War II when Stalin took control over Russia so rapidly with an ideology that was built upon coercion and control. Eventually the USSR would grow into a powerful nation that was deemed a threat to the balance of world power. With the outbreak of war in Europe, a temporary alliance†¦show more content†¦This would be one of the earliest instances where any liberal sentiment towards communism would not be tolerated and it would not end there. When Truman advocated aiding Greece during their civil war, he made sure to underline the main reasons were to ensure democracy not communism would be the only acceptable way of living and since â€Å"There is no other country to which democratic Greece can turn†, America had to save the day. As the years went on, developments in Korea and China went in a way that was not planned. Stalin however saw everything coming together and believed America was losing ground. â€Å"They ar e trying to offset these difficulties with the Marshall plan, the war in Korea, frantic rearmament, and industrial militarization. But that is very much like a drowning man clutching at a straw† (Stalin). While statements like this gave the USSR a boost, it gave America a sense that their national security was faltering and in turn any domestic reassurance was in limited supply. The Red Scare dominated America beginning in 1947 with the Iron Curtain, Berlin Blockade, and many others. In all these instances, people feared about national security both with the situation abroad and right at home as well. When the Soviets successfully detonated an atomic bomb, it coincided with China becoming another Communist threat and widespread hysteria in America. Anyone that spoke or acted out differently was labeled a communist. A great example wasShow MoreRelatedHistory And History : History1540 Words   |  7 PagesAmrozia Shahram History 1301. P09 Essay History is integral part of our lives and historians play an important role to preserve history. Historians are present in every society. They have been around probably throughout the history of humanity. Their work however has become more methodical and systematic now. Modern day historians spend a lot of time searching for the truth from various sources of past information. These days so much information is available and this information is interpretedRead MoreHistory And Its Impact On History808 Words   |  4 PagesHistory is a course that contains a lot of fundamental information. It is a science that studies the past of the human race and the human civilizations, assists us to comprehend the present, so we have a better vision for the future. The History seeks to reconstitute the past event. For the reason, history has its objectives, methods. All the information of history is related to the time and space because the consideration of an historical event requires placing it i n time and in a given space. ByRead MoreHistory3115 Words   |  13 Pagesstudy history? There is no doubt that the primary purpose of schooling is to prepare students to function effectively in the world, and thereby to assist society to function effectively as well. 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1.Teacher Interaction. When I Notice About Interaction

1. Teacher interaction When I notice about interaction development, first I go to the first lab. This is my first time to see a couple of children eating together. Today they eat some noodles with orange juice, some children drink and some are eating. Today my object is Finley who is a very beautiful girl. Finley not anxious to eat, first looking around for a while, with a spoon scoop up a spoon noodle soup, on the mouth blowing a blow into the mouth. He drank countless mouth soup but did not eat noodles. I went over and said softly to him: We want to eat hard, eat more physically good, long high. After listening, he said: Mom said I was good to eat very high I said: Yes! Finley be a bar, and now have their own food! After listening,†¦show more content†¦I think drinking independently is very valuable to cultivate the child s physical ability. Her physical development is expected for her age. 3. Communication development My observed child is Finley. She is 2 years old who is the biggest child in Lab 1. At lunch, most of the children are quietly eating as little kids. In my observation, some children need the teacher s help to eat. A teacher was fed with a younger girl. Good children s eating habits, mostly gradually cultivate from childhood. Training children good eating habits is to ensure a balanced nutrition, good health, mental pleasure, physical and mental development of an important prerequisite. In daily life, we see the bad habits of children, the body is weak. The teacher just smiled and left. In this observation, I concentrate on the verbal expression by Finley. She was very fluently described what happened at that time and she was very loud to announce her point. Her language development is expected as her age. At this time, they are more capable of understanding semantics. Finally, emotional development for this age group focuses on learning to express and control emotions and feelings. A s their sense of self evolves, children need to feel in some control (Holst, 2017, Spring). The child s bad eating habits alone teacher unilateral efforts or not, parents should actively cooperate with the teacher sShow MoreRelatedPre K : Child Development And Interaction1671 Words   |  7 PagesChild-Development and Interaction Gaitri Tulsie Central Connecticut State University Pre-K: Child-development and Interaction The interaction a preschooler has with the surrounding environment, whether it be physical or social, has a significant impact on the child’s development. Ramani (2012), had taken a look at playful environment versus a structured environment to see which one benefited children more when it came to social interaction and joint problem solving. The interaction shown inRead MorePositive Classroom Environments Considering Cultural Diversity1048 Words   |  4 Pageslectures, it is the task of the teacher to set the environment for learning. 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Sculptures Free Essays

Over the course of time, sculptures have helped artists provoke emotions amongst individuals through use of unique structure, solidary formations, and admirable detail. Sculptures enable members of a society to visually understand and identify various historical references by having the ability to both touch and deeply connect with the statue in person. Certain features, which in previous centuries were considered essential to the art of sculpture and its literature aspects, are not present in most forms of modern art, and can no longer form part of its definition. We will write a custom essay sample on Sculptures or any similar topic only for you Order Now Before the twentieth century, sculpture was considered to be an emblematic art, one that imitated forms in life, most often human figures but also inanimate objects most known to mankind. Since the turn of the twentieth century, however, sculpture has also included nonrepresentational forms. Throughout most of World War II, it had been accepted that the forms of such functional three-dimensional objects may be expressive and beautiful without being in any way representational or depictive in creation; but it was only in the late twentieth century that nonfunctional, nonrepresentational, three-dimensional works of art began to be produced for the public to both enjoy at the moment and apply to their lives in the near future. In the imitable sculpture known as the â€Å"International Monument†, Glid Nandor, the remarkably gifted artist who illustrated such a powerful, idiosyncratic form of literature, exceeded the expectations of those around him during the year 1968, and incited a global reaction among communities of various cultures. Glid Nandor’s work of entangled architecture and precise detail accurately demonstrates the pain, travail, and intense anguish that the Jewish and Slavic races faced on a daily basis over the course of World War II throughout Eastern Europe. The work was formally dedicated in September 1968 as a memorial piece to all those that suffered at the hands of Nazi Germany at the Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial Site in Dachau, Germany. Today, it is recognized as one of the most influential, renowned sculptures to ever have been based around the Holocaust in literature history. Upon examining the â€Å"International Monument†, one can see that the sculpture is not flat, but has a depth of about four feet. The hands of the skeletons of the Jewish and Slavic races, which resemble the barbs on a barbed wire fence, are disheveled and snared in a way that demonstrates the human struggle to fight the pain and torment that was inflicted upon the victims of the various Nazi concentration camps. The sculpture itself is said to stand approximately nineteen feet tall and forty-eight feet wide. With this being said, it is clear to pinpoint and recognize that this domineering structure in size symbolizes the withered, scrawny bodies of the prisoners who died of malnourishment and constant infection in the Dachau Concentration Camp. The sculpture is made up of a dark bronze pigmentation that features short strands of barbed wire on which skeletons are hanging with their heads flaccid harshly over the crossed fence, signifying callous distress and weakness to move. Additionally, on either side of the sculpture are concrete fence posts which closely resemble the ones used to support the barbed wire fence around the campsite. Below the sculpture are the dates imprinted in bold text: 1933 – 1945, which are pivotal years in human history in which the Dachau Concentration Camp was first established and had finally closed upon the conclusion of World War II in Eastern Europe, a turning point for the Jewish race and Slavic civilizations. Glid Nandor’s work of literature and perspective is truly remarkable. His ability to wrap the bodies of the victims of the concentration camps and still form one large piece of artwork is beyond his time, which makes his artistic talent all the more adroit. When examining the sculpture as a whole, singular form of prose, instead of focusing on each individual aspect that comprises the work together, it is clear to identify the fence posts, ditches and barbed wire as being reminiscent of the security facilities installed around the camp. The human skeleton commemorates those, who in an act of despondency and desperation, jumped into the barbed wire fence to quickly seal their fate and end their constant agony. Death in the concentration camp was commonplace and ubiquitous. This depiction is not only symbolic, but it also tells the story of the many suicides that were committed in this way in the Dachau Concentration Camp. As the visitor enters further into the incline, the motif of humans caught in barbed wire intensifies, like an altarpiece, suggesting an epidemic of perversities in which the Jewish race sought as their only hope to a phlegmatic life. The sculpture is framed by cement posts that reflect the security installation of the former concentration camp. Glid Nandor’s â€Å"International Monument† illustrates how literature can connect both art and reality within its design if constructed in the most virtuous way possible, and his inimitable approach to conveying the feelings, perceptions, and actions of the Jewish and Slavic races during the Holocaust in his sculpture will forever and always be regarded as nothing short than brilliant amongst his fellow peers. How to cite Sculptures, Papers

Patient Autonomy And Physician Beneficence -Myassignementhelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Patient Autonomy And Physician Beneficence? Answer: Introducation Ethics are the values which guide the actions of the individuals, and are based on the morals of such individual. These morals and values channel the acts undertaken by the people. These ethics translate in the daily lives of people and decide upon the manner in which a person acts. Naturally, these also shape the manner in which the work is done by the individuals (Smith, 2008). When it comes to healthcare, the role of the individuals, in adhering to the ethical values in enhanced. This is because the relationship between the patients and the healthcare professionals is one of trust and care; and due to the dominating position of the healthcare professionals over their patients and the ones related to the patients, it becomes utmost important that the ethics are properly followed. This is particularly due to the patients having certain rights in the kind of treatment they get and the duty of the healthcare professionals to respect the human rights of their patients. One of such righ ts is autonomy, where it is stated that the patients need to have the freedom of deciding upon their lives, which includes the medical treatment they get, and the like. However, a controversial issue in this regard is offered through the concept of paternalism. This concept provides that there should be the right with the healthcare professionals to interfere in the liberty of actions of an individual owing to their welfare, happiness, interests, values, or good (Murgic, et al. 2015). The difference between the two, in terms of healthcare ethics is elucidated below. Along with the clash between the two concepts, the discussion would also highlight the significance of consent and confidentiality in context of healthcare. The overall purpose here is to highlight the key points which are related to healthcare ethics. Consent, or is aptly known as informed consent, in context of healthcare industry, is referred to the permission given by the individual, after they come to know about all of the facts of the case and the possible consequences of undertaking such actions. In doctor-patient relationships, informed consent holds major significance as the patients are required to be given the entire facts of their case and the possible results of their treatment, in order for such patient to given their informed consent to a particular treatment. This allows the patients to analyse all the facts and weigh in the pertinent risks, before they opt for a particular treatment suggested by the healthcare professional (Wear, 2012). This consent is based on the clear understanding, as well as, on the appreciation of factual background, its implications, and the consequences of going forward with the proposed action. Particularly in context of ethics, a proper and informed consent has its roots in the dignity of any individual. This means that the people need to be provided with the adequate reasoning facilities for them to give their consent on the basis of the facts which are relevant to them (Brown, 2011). The concept of consent is based on the basic human rights and on the ethical principle of patient autonomy. The patients have all of the freedom in order to make a decision on what happens to their body and for gathering the relevant information before a surgery, test or procedure is undertaken. A patient cannot be coerced in any manner; the doctors simply have to act as the facilitator of the decision making of the patients. Consent is not only stemmed in ethical principles, but in the legal ones as well. Where the informed consent of the individual is not taken, and the patient is touched by the doctor, it would be treated as battery, which is a physical assault in legal terms, and is also punishable. This makes taking of the consent very crucial in the daily physical examinations. This makes the mutual communication between a patient and doctor instrumental in context of the choice, authorization or permission of the former for acting the latter in a specific manner (Rao, 2008). Another crucial element related to consent is the difference between an implied and express consent. The implied consent, as the name suggests is one which is implied through the conduct of the patient; and the express consent is the one procured expressly from the patient. The difference between the two can be better elucidated through respective examples. When a patient goes in the chamber of the doctor and they express their problems to the doctor, there is an implied consent to the doctor for undertaking the general physical exam and for carrying the routine investigations. However, when it comes to the express consent, the same is needed for intimate examinations. For instance, where an invasive test or a risky procedure is to be undertaken, a specific express consent has to be taken from the patient, which can take form of written consent or oral consent (Snyder and Leffler, 2005). It remains preferable to take written consents in such cases where long term follow up is require d, in addition to the procedure being high risky intervention, surgery or cosmetic procedure. In order to gain the informed consent of the patient, crucial information has to be disclosed which involves the need for further testing, the condition of patient, results of treatment, different available options, possible complications, expected outcome, duration and cost of treatment, and the possible benefits and risks of such treatment (Heywood, Macsakill and Higgins, 2010). The concept of consent is also aligned based on the ECHR, i.e., the European Convention on Human Rights. Under article 3, it is specifically provided that a forced treatment which is given against the wishes of an individual would be deemed as the breach of this article, as this article is related to the inter alia inhumane and degraded treatment (Byrne, 2012). In Ireland, the patient doctor relationship is deemed as a privileged one and is dependent on the trust of the patient in professional conduct of the doctor. This is the reason for issuing a Guide to Professional Conduct and Ethics by the Medical Council for the registered medical practitioners (Medical Council, 2018). Another important concept in health ethics is autonomy v paternalism. Patient autonomy is the basic principle in the concept of professional medical ethics. The ability of recognizing and fostering the same has different dimensions and has been considered of vital significance in the clinical competency of the physicians. Beauchamp and Childress (2001) accepted autonomy as amongst one of the four principles of medical ethics, in addition to justice, beneficence and non-malfeasance. As stated in the introductory segment, autonomy is related to the self-determination or the self-rule, where the patient gets to decide on the treatments they get in a free and independent manner (Tai and Tsai, 2003). Paternalism on the other hand, is just the opposite of autonomy, where the doctors are said to act as the moral agent of the patients and make the best decisions for the patients, even when they can make such decisions for themselves. This is stemmed from the fact that the doctors are experts who can easily make the judgments and decisions as they know what has to be paid attention to and what has to be ignored. This brings forth an ethical dilemma for the healthcare professionals, where they have to choose between providing the patients with the requisite autonomy or giving the doctors the paternalistic freedom of choosing what is best for patients (Lepping, Palmstierna and Raveesh, 2016). In medical ethics, it is necessary to give more significance to paternalism in place of autonomy. To prove this, an example is put forth here. A 32 year old pregnant lady went for a vaginal delivery. Before this pregnancy, she had two babies through emergency caesarean section. And the second baby had been born merely one year ago. As a result of this, the doctors wanted the wide to avoid taking any sort of risk and wanted her to deliver the baby through a caesarean section. Both the husband and the wife were attempted to be convinced by the medical staff; however, they did not agree with the same. As a result of this, the patient was sent back home in order for trail of normal labor. After a period of two weeks, she returned to the hospital with very strong pains and when his delivery was taking place the uterus was ruptured. The doctors were able to deliver the baby in a normal manner but the mother had to be transferred to Intensive Care Unit in order to observe her closely. Howev er, she could not be saved and died a few weeks later (Sayani, 2015). This case helps in raising certain good questions. The very crucial one is whether medical paternalism could have saved the life of the patients? And whether in this case the principle of autonomy was justified? This highlights the ethical dilemma where respecting the autonomy of the couple, the women was exposed to complications, which ultimately resulted in her demise. Had the healthcare professionals taken the decision, there would have been a breach of autonomy of the patient. To put emphasis on paternalism, another example can be put forth. This is the case of suicide, particularly in cases of individuals suffering from psychiatric illness. An individual suffering from psychiatric illness, particularly who are at the risk of committing suicide, cannot be given their autonomy. If the autonomy is given to such patients, they would commit suicide. Even though this could be deemed as giving the individuals the freedom of making their own choices, it would not be ethical on part of t he doctor to allow the patient to be given their autonomy when they know this would result in the patient killing themselves. This is where the fight between the two concepts of autonomy and paternalism takes place. This is the situation where the healthcare practitioners face the ethical dilemma of choosing between the two concepts (Ho, 2014). In this regard, when psychotherapy is performed by the psychiatrists, they initially have the tendency of withholding certain information from their patients. An example of this is that they would not tell their patients the psychodynamics which they infer. In place of this, the information is titrated over a course of time. This is to safeguard the patients from getting overwhelmed and from not returning to get the relevant treatment, which is important for them. However, there are psychiatrists who feel that full information should be shared with the patients and that the patients should be given the time to share this information, even when doing so results in greater harm being caused to the patients. In terms of ethics, the reasoning for sharing of information with the patients could be justifiable and even obligatory in context of increasing their autonomy. This is deemed as more important value in general in place of attaining benefit for the patient by withholding such inform ation from them, even when the information may lead to the patient making the choice which is against their best interest. This information shows transparency and gives equality to the patients to level the playing field (Howe, 2008). A very apt question was raised by Kongsholm and Kappel (2017) regarding the consent being based on information or trust. The research conducted by them provided that in case of participants indulged in medical research, they do not rely upon the information provided to them to give their consent, but instead over the trust which they hold in the researching enterprise or the researcher. The Mental Health Act, 2001 puts an obligation on the healthcare professionals to inform the patients properly about the treatment they are getting, in order for them to gain full knowledge on their situation. This consent is required save for such situations where the opinion of the consultant psychiatrist feels that the treatment is required for the safety of the patient and for alleviating their condition, particularly when the patient is incapable of giving their consent. In essence, here the legislation also gives preference to paternalism over and above autonomy. The decision on the capability o f the patient to make decisions for themselves remains contested. This is because it raises questions on the patient being held capable of making the decision, as this is something which is subjective in nature (Donnelly, 2016). Gillick v West Norfolk Wisbeck Area Health Authority [1986] AC 112 presents a landmark decision where a number of complex legal issues regarding the consent of a minor person were raised. In this case, Mrs Gillick had sought and attained contraceptive advice from a local doctor while she was below the age of giving lawful consent to intercourse. This was based on the guidance which had been issued by the relevant Department of Health and Social Security. She sought a declaration from court asking for the guidance of department to be deemed as illegal and an inference with the paternal duties and rights. The House of Lords had to decide on the extent of parental control over their minor child and whether the child could give consent to medical treatment or contraceptive advice against the knowledge of wishes of their parents. The declaration was dismissed by the court. The consent for treatment could only be given when the person could be deemed as intelligent and sufficient enough t o understand what has been proposed (HRCR, 2018). Again, this highlights the subjectivity in making the decision on the person holding the right to given their consent and continues the clash between autonomy and paternalism. Though, it is a victory for advocates of adolescent autonomy (Cave, 2014). However, one should not forget that this was again based on the question of competence, of a person making decision for them, which is the theme of paternalism. Another substantial point in medical ethics is confidentiality. Confidentiality in healthcare field is of utmost importance as the patients share their personal information in a routine manner with the healthcare providers. In such cases where the confidentiality is not maintained, the data of the patients would not be protected and this would result in the trust present in the physician- patient relationship being diminished. This would make the patients less prone to sharing of the information, particularly the materially sensitive one, which would impact the care provided to the patients in a significant manner. Confidentiality is a necessity for creating a trusting environment where the patient privacy is not only respected but is also protected and encouraged, which allows the patients in being honest in their healthcare visits. This also has the capability of increasing the willingness of the patients for seeking care. In cases where the patients have a stigmatizing condition, which is related to psychiatric health concerns, public health, reproductive or sexual health, the confidentiality helps in assuring that the private information is not disclosed to any person, without their consent being given for the same (Fisher, 2013). This is aligned with the Data Protection Acts 1988 and 2003, where the privacy of individuals is to be protected (Department of Health, 2018). Confidentiality continues to be a key point which ensures that the patients trust the doctors. The moral basis of it is consequentialist owing to the fact that it is meant to improve the welfare of the patients. In essence, it is required for protecting the confidence of general public and for securing the public health. This ethical principle has been upheld for centuries through a Hippocratic Oath. The reason for the same is that in modern medicine, medical confidentiality is not absolute. And the same can be breached with consent, through law, and in public interest (Blightman, Griffiths and Danbury, 2014). Again, confidentiality not being absolute touches the discussion carried earlier in context of interplay of autonomy v paternalism and consent. Where there are concerns regarding the safety of another person, the medical information of a patient can be made available to a person who would normally not be provided with such information. In doing so, the good of the patient is gi ven supremacy, and the patient is safeguarded from credible threat of harm. Here a good enough reason has to be provided to show that the individual is in serious danger and the medical information is crucial. For instances, in cases of homicidal ideation, a psychotherapist or physician can be made to provide the details of an individual prone to harming others. Again, where there is a requirement by the law to provide the medical information in certain situations, the same has to be done (Bord, 2018). To bring the discussion to its conclusion, the preceding parts carried a discussion on the three most significant aspects which are crucial in the healthcare ethics. These three are consent, a clash between autonomy and paternalism, and confidentiality. The discussion started with discussion on what exactly informed consent is. Informed consent requires the patient to be provided with all the relevant information in order for them to make the choice of going forward with a medical procedure or treatment, or to avoid the same. The above carried discussion highlighted how there is a constant clash between autonomy and paternalism and different examples were given to show the supremacy of paternalism over autonomy. This debate is due to the difference in the two concepts where autonomy provides that the patients should be given the choice of making decisions for them, whilst paternalism shows that the experience and the knowledge of the doctors or the healthcare professionals is enough for them to make the wise choice even on behalf of the patient. Through the example of the pregnant lady, who had to lose her life as a result of autonomy being given preference, the supremacy of paternalism was supported. The last aspect discussed above was the due weight being given to the confidentiality of the patients in order for them to trust the healthcare professionals and for them to disclose everything without having to fear for the information being misused or wrongly distributed. However, even the confidentiality of patients is shown to be conditional. Thus, there are a number of instances where the medical professionals are presented with ethical choices, and where there continues to be clash between what is right and what is wrong, owing to the diversified views of similar issues. References Beauchamp, T., and Childress, J. (2001)Principles of Biomedical Ethic. 5th ed. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. Blightman, K., Griffiths, S.E., and Danbury, C. (2013) Patient confidentiality: when can a breach be justified?. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care Pain, 14(2), pp. 52-56. Bord, J.D. (2018) Confidentiality. [Online] University of Washington School of Medicine. Available from: https://depts.washington.edu/bioethx/topics/confiden.html [Accessed on: 17/01/18] Brown, B. (2011) Informed Consent: The U.S. Medical Education System Explained. USA: BookBaby. Byrne, J.V. (2012) Tutorials in Endovascular Neurosurgery and Interventional Neuroradiology. London: Springer. Cave, Emma(2014) Goodbye Gillick? Identifying and resolving problems with the concept of child competence.Legal studies, 34 (1), pp. 103-122. Department of Health. (2018) Data Protection. [Online] Department of Health. Available from: https://health.gov.ie/data-protection/ [Accessed on: 17/01/18] Donnelly, M. (2016) The Assisted Decision-Making (Capacity) Act 2015: Implications for Healthcare Decision-Making. Medico-Legal Journal of Ireland, 22(2), pp. 65-77. Fisher, M.A. (2013) The Ethics of Conditional Confidentiality: A Practice Model for Mental Health Professionals. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Heywood, R., Macsakill, A., and Higgins, K. (2010) Informed Consent in Hospital Practice: Health Professionals Perspectives and Legal Reflections. Medical Law Review, 18(2), pp. 152-184. Ho, A.O. (2014) Suicide: Rationality and Responsibility for Life. Can J Psychiatry, 59(3), pp. 141-147. Howe, E. (2008) Beyond Informed Consent: The Ethics of Informing, Anticipating, and Warning. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 5(10), pp. 42-47. HRCR. (2018) Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority and another. [Online] HRCR. Available from: https://www.hrcr.org/safrica/childrens_rights/Gillick_WestNorfolk.htm [Accessed on: 17/01/18] Jones, M. (1999) Informed Consent and Other Fairy Stories. Medical Law Review, 7, pp. 103. Kingsholm, N.C.H., and Kappel, K. (2017) Is Consent Based on Trust Morally Inferior to Consent Based on Information. Bioethics, 31(6), pp. 432-442. Lepping, P., Palmstierna, T., and Raveesh, B.N. (2016) Paternalismv.autonomy are we barking up the wrong tree?. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 209(2), pp. 95-96. Medical Council. (2018) Professional Conduct Ethics. [Online] Medical Council. Available from: https://www.medicalcouncil.ie/Public-Information/Professional-Conduct-Ethics/ [Accessed on: 17/01/18] Murgic, L., Hbert, P. C., Sovic, S., and Pavlekovic, G. (2015) Paternalism and autonomy: views of patients and providers in a transitional (post-communist) country.BMC medical ethics,16(1), 65. Rao, K.H.S. (2008) Informed Consent: An Ethical Obligation or Legal Compulsion? J Cutan Aesthet Surg, 1(1), pp. 33-35. Sayani, A.H. (2015) Conflict between Paternalism and Autonomy. Journal of Clinical Research Bioethics, 6, pp. 248. Smith, J.D. (2008) Normative Theory and Business Ethics. Plymouth, UK: Rowman Littlefield Publishers. Snyder, L., Leffler, C. (2005) Ethics and Human Rights Committee, American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med., 142(7), pp. 560-82. Tai, M.C., and Tsai, T. (2003) Who Makes the Decision? Patients Autonomy vs Paternalism in a Confucian Society. Public Health, 44(5), pp. 558-561. Wear, S. (2012) Informed Consent: Patient Autonomy and Physician Beneficence within Clinical Medicine. Berlin: Springer Science Business Media.

Underage drinking Essay Summary Example For Students

Underage drinking Essay Summary Consequences of Underage Alcohol UseAlcohol is the most widely used drug among youth. It causes serious and potentially life-threatening problems for this population. Research indicates that drinking is associated with risk-taking and sensation-seeking behavior among adolescents. Alcohol has disinhibiting effects that may increase the likelihood of unsafe activities.In 1997, 21 percent of the young drivers 15 to 20 years old who were killed in crashes were intoxicated. For young drivers, alcohol involvement is higher among males than among females. In 1997, 25 percent of the young male drivers involved in fatal crashes had been drinking at the time of the crash, compared with 12 percent of the young female drivers involved in fatal crashes.According to national data, drowning is the leading cause of injury-related death among adolescents and young adults. Factors contributing to youth drowning include alcohol which can severely affect a swimmers coordination and judgment. Forty to 50 percent of young males who drown were drinking when they died, and an equal percentage of all diving accidents are alcohol related.Approximately 240,000 to 360,000 of the nations 12 million current undergraduates will ultimately die from alcohol-related causes. We will write a custom essay on Underage drinking Summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now People who begin drinking before the age of 15 are four times more likely to develop alcohol dependence than those who wait until age 21. Each additional year of delayed drinking onset reduces the probability of alcohol dependence by 14 percent.Adolescents who drink heavily assume the same long-term health risks as adults who drink heavily. This means they are at increased risk of developing cirrhosis of the liver, pancreatitis, hemorrhagic stroke, and certain forms of cancer.Adolescents who use alcohol are more likely to become sexually active at an earlier age, to have sex more often, and to engage in unprotected sex, which places them at greater risk of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases.One study showed that students diagnosed with alcohol abuse were four times more likely to experience major depression than those without an alcohol problem.Alcohol use among adolescents has been associated with considering planning, attempting, and completing suicide. Research does not indicate whether drinking causes suicidal behavior, only that the two behaviors are correlated.Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can lead to serious and permanent brain damage in the unborn child. This can result in mental retardation and severe emotional problems as the child grows up. A lower dosage of alcohol will damage a young brain compared to a fully mature brain, and young brains are damaged more quickly. Alcohol exposure during adolescence is linked with a reduced ability to learn compared with those not exposed until adulthood.Alcohol is implicated in more than 40 percent of all college academic problems and 28 percent of all college dropouts. At both 2- and 4-year colleges, the heaviest drinkers make the lowest grades.High school students who use alcohol or other substances are five times more likely than other students to drop out of school or to believe that earning good grades is not important.About half of college students who are victims of crime are drinking when they are victimized.In a high percentage of serious crimes, alcohol is found in the offender, the victim, or both, and alcohol-related problems are disproportionately found in both juvenile and adult offenders.Ninety-five percent of violent crime on college campuses is alcohol related, and 90 percent of college rapes involve alcohol use by the victim and assailant.

Financial analysis and comparison of PepsiCo and Coca-Cola The WritePass Journal

Financial analysis and comparison of PepsiCo and Coca-Cola Introduction Financial analysis and comparison of PepsiCo and Coca-Cola IntroductionReferences:Related Introduction Together both PepsiCo and Coca Cola are both companies that are known around the world for their goods. For decades now, these companies have been competitive against each other to â€Å"do better than† the other one, what some would call the â€Å"cola wars†. They individually offer a assortment of soft drinks; regular, diet, caffeine free and many other options for the public to choose from. Both of the companies also have quite a few different entities (or off springs) of their company, such as bottled water, energy drinks, and juices. Individually both PepsiCo and Coca Cola; better known as Pepsi and Coke, have produced goods for every income bracket. Inside this essay we will take a look into the two largest competing companies in the soft drink industry; Coca Cola and PepsiCo. Using financial data provided from 2004 and 2005, we will be able to use financial analysis, both vertical and horizontal, to verify the financial differences between the two companies. We should be able to make proper suggestions and recommendations with the review on both of the individual companies, income statements and balance sheets. The soft drink industry is one of the largest and assorted industries in the world; consumption in the United States alone is rated at 95%. Together Pepsi and Coke have dominated the soft drink industry, staying higher than any other competition for decades. Not only have they dominated the national market, but also have dominated the global market. Pepsi and Coke have triumphed over many obstacles, so that they may produce and distribute products in most countries around the globe. Both employ a strategy called â€Å"the follow up strategy†. When one launches a new product or service, the other is not far behind with a similar product or service. This strategy has been so effective within these two companies that it leaves other would be competitors oblivious to what just happened. Because of global success, both PepsiCo and Coca Cola have paid a price in one way or another regarding legal issues, precedents, and political opinions. Both of these companies are great examples that the power of influence is leadership. Since their influence is so powerful, they easily shut down competitors in the market as well as keep their moral and ethical values at a soaring level. According to the Forbes Super500 list of America’s largest public companies in 2003, both Coke and Pepsi are practically the same size. Pepsi was the 43rd-largest U.S. firm, just barely edging out Coke, which ranked 44th. This comparison was based on ranking sales, profits, market value and assets. Now let’s take a look at a more detailed comparison of these two companies. Within this analysis, the numbers will be represented in millions (100 is equal to 100 million). Beginning with a vertical analysis, used to do the comparison of the asset accounts categories, liability account categories, and the reports on liability accounts against asset accounts on the balance sheet. The principle for calculating a vertical analysis is current assets à · total assets. The starting point lies within the total assets for each company. In 2004, PepsiCo’s total assets were $27,987; in 2005 they totaled $31,727. Coca Cola’s assets were $31,441 for 2004 and $29,427 in 2005.   (Weygandt, Kimmel, Kieso, 2008). Now we must look at statistics on the balance sheets of each corporation. In 2004, Coke’s cost of merchandise sold were $7,674 equaling a ratio percentage of 24.4% of their total assets. In 2005 the cost of merchandise sold were $8,195 equaling 27.8% of the total assets. For Pepsi’s cost of merchandise sold, the totals were $12,674 equaling 45.3% in 2004 and $14,176 equaling 44.7% in 2005. Over a one year span the results of; PepsiCo had an increase of 5%, while Coke had an increase that year of 3.4%.   With this increase, the results do not necessarily mean a positive analysis, since the single figure does not disclose whether the increase is a positive measure.   A higher cost of sales may not be offset by higher revenues matching or exceeding the increased cost. Net income of PepsiCo in 2004 was $4,212 equaling a ratio percentage of 15.1% of total assets. In 2005, their net income was $4,078 equaling a ratio percentage of 13.2% of their total assets. This shows a 1.9% decrease in their net income between 2004 and 2005. Within the same period they also showed a decrease in the cost of sales. Coke on the other hand had a net income of $4,847 in 2004 equaling a ratio percentage of 15.4%. In 2005 their net income was $4,872 equaling a ratio of 16.6% of their total assets. This shows and an increase of 1.2% between 2004 and 2005.   Even though they experienced an increase of 1.2%, the increase of cost of merchandise sold had an increase of 3.4% only nets an additional 1.2%, making this a negative indication for Coca Cola. When comparing current assets and current liabilities to the total assets by taking a closer look at the consolidated balance sheets of these two companies for each year show that Pepsi’s total current assets were $8,639, in 2004, which equals a ratio percentage of 30.9% of total assets (for that year). For 2005, PepsiCo’s total current assets were $10,454 which equals a ratio percentage of 32.9% of total assets. From 2004 to 2005, they had an increase of 2% in their current assets. In contrast Coca Cola’s current assets were $12,281 equaling a ratio percentage of 39.1% for 2004 and $10,250 equaling a ratio percentage of 34.8%, in 2005; this shows a major decrease in their current assets. Although, there was a considerable decrease in their current assets, there was also a decrease in their current liabilities. These decreases in liabilities would be a positive indication for Coke instead of a negative one. In the area of current liabilities, we can see that in 2004 Pepsi’s total was $6,752 equaling 24.1%, and $9,406 equaling 29.9% in 2005. This shows that the increase of 2% within Pepsi’s assets is due to the company taking on more liabilities. Coke however had current liabilities of $11,133 equaling 35.4% in 2004, and $9,836 equaling 33.4% in 2005 which shows a decrease of 1% in their liabilities. This simply states that both companies had a larger percentage of liabilities to assets in 2005, compared to 2004 also taking into account that their current assets dropped 4.3%. To break that down even further, we look at the following figures. Coca Cola had a total liability in 2004 of $15,506 which equals 49.3% and in 2005 their total liabilities were $13,072 which equals 44.4%. That is a decrease in their liabilities of 4.9%. So while their assets dropped by 4.3%, their liabilities dropped even more. Horizontal analysis is the comparison of specific items account for a certain amount of numbers for the accounting period. This helps to determine the increase or decrease that has occurred by a percentage, a numerical change or trends over that time. There are two formulas that can be used to get this analysis. The first formula uses the current year amount and subtracts from that the base year amount, then take the difference and divide it by the base year amount.   The second formula divides the current year amount by the base year amount.   This gives the current yearly figure in a percentage for the given base year. PepsiCo’s total current assets for 2004 were $8,639 and $10,454 in 2005. The first horizontal analysis formula shows Pepsi had an increase of 121.01% of total current assets; over their 2004 base year figure. Coke’s total assets for 2004 were $12,281 and $10,250 for 2005 which shows a considerable loss. With these numbers it produces a loss percenta ge of 16.58% between 2004 (83.46%) and 2005. Moving onto liabilities, Coca Cola had $11,133 in total liabilities for 2004 and $9,836 for 2005, yielding a difference of 88.35% decreasing their liabilities by 11.65% from 2004 to 2005. For PepsiCo, their total liabilities for 2004 were $6,752 and $9,406 in 2005. Following the formula we can see that it shows an increase in their liabilities by 139.3% from 2004 to 2005, so for one year the total is 39.9%. Mutually PepsiCo and Coca Cola have reputations for being the major contenders in the soft drink industry. They have individually created well organized, strong, and profitable companies, but as you can see from the analysis done above that the financial data, shows a bit of a difference between the two financially. I can see adjustments that can be made and areas that can be worked on, and below I have made a few suggestions for the data I found. It can be determined from the information above that the net profits for both companies were less in 2005 than that of 2004. The operating expenses for both companies were higher in 2005 then 2004. Individually Pepsi and Coke should be working to decrease operation expenses and to increase profitability. Within Coca Cola, they suffered a decline in assets (4.3%) and their liabilities reduced by 4.9% from 2004 to 2005. The suggestion that I make for Coca Cola is they continue to reduce their liabilities, and work on raising net profits. This will increase their assets, As for Pepsi, they have a small increase in current assets between 2004 and 2005, but they had a substantial increase in liabilities. With a 5.8% increase in liabilities, there was only an increase of 2% within their assets. A suggestion I can make for PepsiCo is to focus efforts on their assets, to reduce their liabilities, and to not collect new liabilities. This way they can increase profitability. Looking into other years and comparisons, I see that Coca Cola gathers almost 53% of their annual revenue during spring and summer, whereas Pepsi seems to produce 30% more revenue in the later months of the year.   This is likely due to the fact that Pepsi also has snack (chips, etc) operations other than soft drinks, which is the preferred food of the season. There is also the topic of franchise systems. Pepsi has had success in the past with its franchise system; however, in recent years it has become a weakness for the company. The franchises   influence profits and revenues for Pepsi. My solution would be to dismantle the franchise system and replace it with one bottling unit. This will help Pepsi to eliminate competition with any private label companies and keep them on the forefront with Coke. Coca Cola believes in reinvesting into their infrastructure and does not operate a franchise system. When it comes to figures, Pepsi seems to have more advantages (other entities), whereas Coke is getting better figures.   This does not mean either company is better than the other, it shows that there is a tight competition between both companies and both are striving to surpass the other. References: PepsiCo.com. (2009).   Retrieved on: April 15, 2011 pepsico.com/index.html#/flash/pepsico_slide.swf Weygandt, J. J., Kimmel, P. D., Kieso, D. E. (2008). Financial accounting (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. The Coca Cola Company. (2009). Retrieved on: April 15, 2011 thecoca-colacompany.com/

An Inverted Tooth Chain Engineering Essay

An Inverted Tooth Chain Engineering Essay An inverted-tooth chain operates quietly and smoothly and is also known as a silent chain. Silent chain consists of a series of toothed link plates assembled on joint components in a way that allows free flexing between each pitch. The teeth on the link plates mesh with a sprocket, similar to the way a rack meshes with a gear. The great majority of silent chain is used in drives. Silent chains are made up of stacked rows of load carrying link plates. Increasing the number of rows of links increases the chain width, tensile strength, and load carrying capacity. Using this feature, manufacturers make silent chains ranging from less than a 1 in. wide to more than 20 in. wide, with power capacities ranging from a fraction of a horsepower to more than 2000 hp. A chain is a reliable machine component, which transmits power by means of tensile forces, and is used primarily for power transmission and conveyance systems. The function and uses of chain are similar to a belt. There are many ki nds of chain. It is convenient to sort types of chain by either material of composition or method of construction. There are five types of chains: Cast iron chain Cast steel chain Forged chain Steel chain Plastic chain Demand for the first three chain types is now decreasing; they are only used in some special situations. For example, cast iron chain is part of water-treatment equipment; forged chain is used in overhead conveyors for automobile factories. History: Chains have been used for centuries to drive machines and move materials on conveyors and elevators. In 225 B C, Philo described a chain- driven water lift. Leonard da Vinci sketched the chain designs in the 1500s. Some are similar to modern bar link, leaf, and silent chains. Cog chain was developed in the early 1800s to transmit power or motion between the shafts of treadmills to water elevators, weaving looms and harvesting machinery. This chain was used to mechanize farm implements, but it broke easily and was difficult to repair in the field. Cast detachable chain was introduced in 1873 and overcome many of the problems of cog chain. This chain was made of simple identical cast links that were easily coupled and uncoupled by hand. This basic detachable chain design is one of the early chain concepts that have been unchanged nowadays also. After few years cast detachable chain was introduced, a chain made of all steel parts was introduced for driving bicycles. A patent for roller chain was issued in 1880. By early 1900s, roller chains drove the wheels of safety bicycles, as well as automobiles, trucks, and the propellers of the Wright Brothers airplane that flew at Kitty Hawk. Two major factors combined to make the roller chain industry were automation and standardization. Automation helped manufacturers meet the demand for the large amounts of high quality that were used on machines made by other industries. Standard dimensions and capacities ensured that roller chains would fit and operate as th e designer planned. The result was that the industry soon became as the precision roller chain industry.

Organic versus Inorganic Farming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organic versus Inorganic Farming - Research Paper Example This paper presents a critique of organic versus in-organic farming. It focuses on the costs and benefits in relation to health and meeting the nutritional needs of the global populace. People are becoming aware of the problems associated with pesticides and foods that are grown using in-organic farming. For example, Gabriel and Tscharntke (2007) observe that pesticides that contain heavy metals such as lead can get into the body system by feeding on food that has traces of chemicals. Tomatoes are among the farmed fruits that the European Union has restricted entry into the market due to traces in the chemicals. Such foods that may gradually lead to cancer as the chemicals build up in the body. Apart from plants, livestock is also produced organically through avoidance of the use of synthetic chemicals to control pests. In-organic farmers also apply phytohormones that include chemicals that regulate the growth of plants. The growth enhancers facilitate the development of leaves, ripening of fruits as well as the strengthening of stems. These developments are desirable especially for the early maturity of the plants. However, they have dire health implications. Some of the hormones may affect cellular activity leading to the death of cells as well as stress in plants. On the other hand, they also have an impact on humans consuming the plants. The hormones may facilitate the development of cancer. Leukemia, prostate, and breast cancer are among the problems that are associated with hormones for growth enhancement in plants. One of the hormones that are understood to affect cancer cells in humans is Sodium salicylate and methyl jasmonate among others (Avery, 2006). In essence, organic farming maintains soil fertility; it is environmentally friendly and also does not endanger the lives of humans.

Political Climate of the 1980's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political Climate of the 1980's - Essay Example It is wrong to assume that the arms race is over as both the United States and the Russian Federation goes on feverishly producing deadlier and more lethal weapons of mass destruction. The Russian Federation today is under the determined leadership of Vladimir Putin compared to the indisciplined and chaotic days in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, under Boris Yeltsin. Russia today is far more stable and prosperous though much less democratic compared to the days of Yeltsin. Putin as a leader may be strong and determined but he also has a past that worries the west, his reputation of a ruthless KGB officer. It is however felt in many strategic circles that the west too has overlooked its responsibilities and recklessly went ahead with attempts to get the former Warsaw Pact members under the NATO ambit. The Russians have historically resented attempts by the western powers to penetrate their 'Slavic sphere of interest' in Eastern Europe and to this extent it could be said that the west for once could have been a little more measured in its approach.

Reflection of the Thought Police vs. Outer Party Game Essay Example for Free

Reflection of the Thought Police vs. Outer Party Game Essay During the Thought Police vs. Outer Party game, I learned the importance of the value of independence and freedom. Previous to playing the game, I would consistently wear whatever I wanted, I would carry my books whatever way I wanted to, and I was allowed to live my own life. But the game gave me a new perspective, not only on Winston and his hardships, but on my peers. While engaged in the game, due to the secrecy developed within the tension of ignorance, I felt paranoid and oppressed. Because nobody knew what role everybody in the class played, there were underlying tensions that lead to distrust. Personally, I could not trust anybody, not even my closest friends in the class. I felt like I was always being watched. Being worried about whether getting caught justified the uncomfortable feeling I had. Then I realized that this was Winston’s life always being watched while unwillingly obeying the rules of the party. The situation was bad, having my classmates betray each other, which taught me that there is no place safe for individualistic freedom. The first day we started the Thought Police versus Outer Party game, I was very conscious of myself and my surroundings. All day and every day, I would keep a mental checklist of the rules that I had to follow. Doing this taught me the theme of what I wanted to do versus what I needed to do. For example, one of my peers, who is not associated with AP Language, asked me why I was wearing a yellow leaf. I had to lie to her and say Oh Im just taking risks, as far as style goes. I felt stupid for saying that! I really wanted to tell her what is going on. If I was allowed to tell her, she could have possibly helped me find out who the thought police was. Speaking of having to wear my yellow-leaf necklace, the third day into the Thought Police versus Outer Party game, I overslept. Once I woke up, I put sweatpants on and ran out the front door to the bus. I didnt even realize how I looked that morning. When I got to school, I realized I was lacking my yellow-leaf necklace. I felt ultimately hopeless. I was sad, but not to the point of crying. It wasnt like I was going to be vaporized or anything. Afterwards, I went in Big Brothers classroom and saw an unpunched yellow leaf, an electronic hole puncher, scissors, and a white piece of string. I had an insane adrenaline rush. I grabbed everything and went to Coach Johnsons room quickly so no one would see me. However, I had a feeling that Big Brother saw me on the way out the door. Two minutes later, I came back into the classroom feeling accomplished as if nothing had happened. The next day, I saw that my name was on the offenders list. Guess what crime I had committed? The Yellow-Ribbon crime! All of a sudden, I did not feel accomplished after all. At least I know who reported me. That same day, I also forgot to wear anything orange. I can only imagine how Winston would have felt if he forgot to wear his uniform. Luckily, before I went to Big Brothers classroom, I stopped by Mrs. Hoods room. I saw Michaela Bailey, a member of the Outer Party. I felt so fearful because for all I know, he could have been a thought police (luckily, he was not). I took an enormous risk and asked Do you have anything orange I could wear? He answered Sure, you can wear this. He handed me an object that looked like a ripped sock that soccer players wear on their shins. I responded Thank you so much! . It is amazing how paranoid I was being, because on any other day, I would have been like Oh, no thanks. You keep it . This proves the importance of having to unwillingly obey the party. The next day, Big Brother posted the crimes and who had offended them. My name was on the list for offending Crime Number 5. This rule states: When speaking to lunch ladies, janitors, office staff, or any non-teaching adult, students must express gratitude for their service by greeting them with the phrase, We appreciate your work on behalf of our education. . I did not even know I broke this rule. I do not remember seeing a lunch lady, janitor, office member, or a non-teaching adult. That wasnt the only strange event that had occurred. All of the other Outer Party members names were listed as well. That made it even harder to guess who the Thought Police were. However, with this taking place, made me think smarter. The reason for that is because I knew that either Big Brother turned us in, or a member of the thought police turned their self in. Now that I think about it, it did not really help me at all. The day that the Thought Police versus Outer Party game was coming to a close, I was absent from school. Because of this, I was not able to guess who the thought police were. The good thing about it was that when I finally found out who the Though Police were, I realized that if I were not absent, I still would not have had decreased the size of my reflection essay.

The Sheltering Sky :: essays research papers

The Sheltering Sky Part One: My Vision   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After reading the novel, The Sheltering Sky by Paul Bowles, it was difficult to imagine how one could transform the novel into a satisfying film. How could one imitate such descriptive settings and emotions without the advantage of Paul Bowles' wording? Also the novel does not have the plot of a typical movie, even an action or love story, and the ending is not conclusive. Could actors today play the deep and complex characters as they are portrayed in the book? These were some of the complications I considered when deciding how I would produce the movie.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To start to picture the film, I began to think of the actors I would choose to portray the main characters of the movie. I pictured Kit as a rather frail, pretty, blonde character perhaps played by Gwyneth Paltrow. Port should be played by an actor who can generate a sense of strength and independence as shown by the character in the book. He should be a masculine individual, but definitely have a quiet, introspective side. I would like to see Harrison Ford or a similar actor play this part. Tunner should be portrayed with the right mix of good looks and charm combined with a devious underlying air which causes one to question his motives. Perhaps an actor such as Hank Azaria would be a good Tunner.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I would try to shoot as many scenes as possible on location in the Sahara. By doing this, the viewer can gain a sense of the openness and vastness of the desert without the help of Bowles' descriptive wording. I would try hard to show the harshness of the heat and the burden of the dust which might cause one to react differently than in normal circumstances. I would enhance these sensations by using soft African music with flutes and horns.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think central to the plot should be the change that occurred in Port and Kit's relationship after the bike ride to the top of the dune. Before this, their relationship was shaky and they were not as dependent on each other. Afterward, though, their relationship deepened and this sets the stage for Port's traumatic death. Port's death would definitely be a turning point in my film and a very emotional moment. I would try to display the raw pain and emotion of death as Bowles' does so eloquently in the book.

Dangers of Speeding

When riding through any type of speed zone you should be extremely precarious. Especially In a school zone, due to the children going and leaving school as well as all cars that could possible be lined up walling to pick up and drop off. The Lake Sconce Academy speed zone is approximately 35 miles per hour. Going over this speed zone could harm your self and the people around you as well. Violating any school speed zone could endanger the lives of children crossing the street, buses traveling back and forth, and any staff member helping the children or aren't going to school or on about their day.School zones are specifically designed to help protect children and families and to try to prevent any type of accident. Also, going over the speed Limit makes you more likely to cause or be a volt In an accident. It may seem that going only a couple miles over the speed limit wont have any cause or effect, but it has a lot more effect than anyone thinks. Many people have the thought that no damage can really be done unless your going a certain speed over the posted limit. But following the proper speed limit could keep you from injuring yourself or others.It also prevents you from loosing control, swerving, distractions, and allowing you to have ample amount of time to react to any unexpected changes within the area. The faster you are traveling in a car the harder the impact and usually the more damage caused. Not only could this effect you, your car, and the other persons belongs, but It could also affect your record. For every violation of the law you receive points, and after six points while having a class D license you risk the chance of eating your license taking until your eighteen years old or taken proper reckless driving classes.Believe it or not speeding is the third leading contributing factor in car accidents. On average, more than 33% of car accidents are caused from not following the proper speed limit. The consequences from getting in a wreck can be e xtremely serious. You have a high possibility of facing very expensive fines, having to take traffic school, having your Insurance premiums raise a significant amount, and possibly even getting your license suspended for a very lengthy time period.Dangers of Speeding By belladonna Especially in a school zone, due to the children going and leaving school as well as all cars that could possible be lined up waiting to pick up and drop off. The Lake Sconce going over the speed limit makes you more likely to cause or be a victim in an belongs, but it could also affect your record. For every violation of the law you receive serious. You have a high possibility of facing very expensive fines, having to take traffic school, having your insurance premiums raise a significant amount, and

Coronary Artery Disease Nursing Care Plan

Coronary Artery Disease Tabatha Turner Practicum I Arkansas Tech University Coronary Artery Disease â€Å"Acute coronary syndromes represent a spectrum of clinical conditions that are associated with acute myocardial ischemia† (Gulanick & Myers, 2011). Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is one of these clinical conditions that affect approximately 13 million people (Rimmerman, 2011). Because coronary diseases are the leading cause of death in men and women, nurses need to be involved in the care and education of people with or without CAD. Prevention is the best cure. Nurses play an important role in the treatment of CAD by offering and supplying comfort for anxiety and pain, minimizing symptoms and side effects, educating patients on the disease process, and helping to reduce risks and promote healthier lifestyles. Pathophysiology The heart is supplied blood, oxygen, and nutrients by the coronary arteries. When functioning normally, the coronary arteries ensure adequate oxygenation of the myocardium at all levels of cardiac activity (Klabunde, 2010). CAD is a heart disease that is caused by impaired blood flow to or through the coronary arteries. Several disorders can arise from the disease ranging from myocardial ischemia to myocardial infarction. Blood flow through the coronary arteries is usually dictated by the heart’s need for oxygen. It is controlled by physical, metabolic and neural factors and uses 60 to 80% of the oxygen in the blood that flows through the coronary arteries (Porth, 2011). When this blood flow is interrupted, damage ensues. Blood flow can be blocked by atherosclerosis, the buildup of fats and cholesterol in and on the artery walls (plaques) (Mayo Clinic, 2012). These buildups can be either stable and obstruct blood flow or unstable, â€Å"which can rupture and cause platelet adhesion and thrombus formation† (Porth, 2011). When the plaques are disrupted and a thrombus is formed, blood flow is obstructed and a myocardial infarction (MI) can occur. This obstruction starves the heart of oxygen and can cause angina (chest pain) and necrosis of the heart muscle. Risk Factors There are modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for CAD. Patient teaching should include modifiable risks that can be avoided such as smoking, obesity, uncontrolled hypertension, high LDL levels and low HDL levels, uncontrolled diabetes, high stress, and sedentary lifestyles (Mayo Clinic, 2012). Many of these can be controlled by diet, exercise, and smoking cessation. Non-modifiable risk factor include age, gender (men are more at risk for CAD but women’s risk increases after menopause), and family history. According to the Mayo Clinic, the patient’s risk is highest if their father or brother was diagnosed with heart disease before age 55, or their mother or sister developed it before age 65. Since these factors cannot be controlled, it is extremely important to control the modifiable ones especially if the patient is at greater risk due to non-modifiable factors. Pathophysiology of MI Myocardial infarctions affect approximately ? million people each year in the US. 50% of the people affected die before reaching the hospital (KU, 2012). MI is characterized by the ischemic death of myocardial tissue associated with CAD. This occurs when blood flow through the coronary arteries is significantly reduced or blocked and the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen. A â€Å"heart attack† usually has a quick onset with chest pain being the significant symptom due to the lack of oxygen (Porth, 2011). Other symptoms can be fatigue, dyspnea, and heart palpitations. Treatment for CAD The goal in treating CAD is to restore adequate coronary perfusion. If that is not possible, medications can be used to reduce the oxygen demand by the heart (Klabunde, 2011). Treatment options for CAD include reducing risk factors, use of medications, and surgery. Patients can slow the disease process by stopping smoking, eating healthier, and participating in more active lifestyles. Medications that can be used are anti-platelets and anticoagulants that dissolve clots, or anti-angina drugs such as beta blockers (decrease myocardial oxygen consumption by decreasing the actions of the sympathetic nervous system), calcium channel blockers (decreases eart rate and strength of contraction and relaxes blood vessels, decreasing blood pressure), or nitroglycerin (dilates the arteries to increase blood flow, reducing myocardial oxygen consumption) (Smeltzer, S. , Hinkle J. , Bare, B. , & Cheever, K. 2010). Usually cardiac catheterizations are done to determine blockage percentages (Appendix B). In extreme cases of CAD, stents can be implanted within the artery to restore blood flow or bypass grafts can be placed from an artery or vein elsewhere in the body to bypass the diseased segment (Klamunde, 2010). Nursing Diagnoses CAD can be life threatening if the disease is allowed to progress. Therefore measures should be taken to prevent progression. Proper, thorough assessment and nursing interventions can help. The first priority nursing diagnosis for a patient with CAD would be: Ineffective cardiac tissue perfusion related to reduced coronary blood flow secondary to CAD as evidenced by chest pain, blood pressure of 164/88, and pulse ox of 90% on room air. This is the first priority because if the heart is not properly fed, the pump can fail and will result in inadequate circulation for the whole body which could cause death. The second priority nursing diagnosis would be: Acute pain related to ischemia secondary to CAD as evidenced by restlessness, increased blood pressure, 143/88, and verbal report of pain in left shoulder and left jaw of 8/10 (on a numeric 1-10 scale) that has been unrelieved by over the counter medications. If pain is not managed, the body systems will continue to respond increasing vasoconstriction which in turn increases BP which could eventually lead to a cardiovascular accident or death. The third nursing diagnosis for a patient with CAD that is a smoker and has an unhealthy diet is: Risk prone health behavior related to inadequate comprehension of disease process as evidenced by patient smoking ? a pack of cigarettes a day and eating fast food and fried foods regularly. These behaviors are both modifiable risk factors and should be included in the patient teaching. Nursing Goals For the priority nursing diagnosis of Ineffective Cardiac Tissue Perfusion, he goals would be:Patient will attain adequate tissue perfusion and cellular oxygenation as evidenced by a pulse ox of 96% or above on 2L oxygen by nasal cannula within 8 hoursPatient will verbalize an understanding of the disease process and the therapy regimen by discharge.The goals for the diagnosis of Acute Pain would be:Patient will verbally describe the level (using a numeric 1-10 scale) and characteristics of their pain every 2 hoursPatient will report pain goal of

Sticks and Stones essays

Sticks and Stones essays For love within a family, love that's lived in But not looked at, love within the light of which All else is seen, the love within which Words not only affect us temporarily; they change us, they socialize or unsocialize us. Everyone has issues with their parents. That's just common knowledge. Most people my age will tell you they hate their parents: Not many people say that last one. On the surface, I have a great family, and therefore a great life. My mother and father have been happily married for twenty-one years. I have a younger brother, Robbie, and also a younger sister, Rachel. And we have a dog. I also have a huge extended family: one grandfather, two grandmothers, seven uncles, eight aunts, and eleven cousins. My parents both work. My mother works as a supervisor of the mammography department of a hospital, and my father works as a supervisor of a mechanical department of an aluminum plant. Also, my father sleeps during most of the day because he works the "graveyard shift." So, if you take my family for surface value, you'd probably say that I have a great family. But I'm the one who lives here. My father and I used to have a good relationship . . . back when I was four. I was "Daddy's little girl." He'd take me camping in the back yard. And I'd wear his camouflage make-up. And we'd sleep under the stars. I was his little soldier. As I have become older, my dad's become less reasonable, and more demanding. Once I received straight A's in school. After that, straight A's were mandatory. And if I didn't come through with perfect grades, I'd be grounded. Being grounded meant that I couldn't leave the house unless it was for school or because of a fire. And I couldn't watch television or make any phone calls. When I got home from school, I had to do the chores. These included doing the household laundry (washing, drying, folding, and putting away), dishes ( washing, drying, and putting away), s...

Aldosterone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aldosterone - Essay Example The scheme of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is shown at the Fig. 2. The renin is enzyme catalysing the reaction of the transformation of angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is converted into angiotensin II and the last one is partially converted into angiotensin III (Wehling, 1995). Both angiotensin II and III stimulate the synthesis of aldosterone by the adrenal glomerulosa layer . They bind to G-protein coupled receptors and stimulate the activity of phospholipase C and adenylate cyclase. This results in the increase of conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone and corticosterone to aldosterone (Horton, 1994; Fuller, 2006). Aldosterone controls electrolyte excretion and intravascular fluid volume. It acts on the mineralocorticoid receptors of the distal renal tubules and cortical collecting ducts of the kidneys. Aldosterone regulates such physiological mechanisms as resorption and excretion of the electrolytes, particularly its action increases sodium resorption and potassium excretion. Sodium and water reabsorption is regulated by opening Na+ channels in the apical membranes of the tubular epithelium (Fuller, 2006; Rosansky, 2006). Correspondingly, opening K+ channels leads to increased potassium conductance from the cell and potassium excretion. These processes are regulated by the Na+/K+-ATPase (see Fig. 3). Aldosterone receptors are localised intracellularly. Their stimulation leads to DNA-binding and to the changes in the transcription of genes (Fig. 4). Fig. 4 Mechanisms of aldosterone action. There is interestingly that aldosterone do not only participate in the regulation of blood pressure but it also influences on the function of mononuclear leukocytes (Chai, 2005; Wehling, 1995). Thus the role of aldosterone in the regulation of blood pressure is related to its ability to increase sodium level in the blood, and, respectively change the tonus of vasculature and by the increase of circulating volume of blood (Hamilton, 2006; Rosansky, 2006). Many pathological conditions can cause hyperaldosteronism (Horton, 1994), which is characterised by the hypertension. Thus primary aldosteronism can be caused by solitary aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma or mono- or bilateral hyperplasia of the zona glomerulosa. The patients suffering with aldosteronism have hypertension and hypokalemic alkalosis whereas hypernatremia is not common. Aldosterone deficiency causes hyponatriemia, hypovolemia, and hyperkalemia (Horton, 1994). There are many diseases characterising with the decrease of aldosterone biosynthesis, e.g adrenoleukodystrophy, adrenal hypoplasia, infections and excessive haemorrhages. Nevertheless, the most frequent cause of hypoaldosteronism is adrenal insufficiency, i.e. both aldosterone and cortisol secretion are affected. Thus fulminating sepsis, autoimmunic disorders and haemorrhagic

Modernism to Postmodernism in Fashion and Design Essay

Modernism to Postmodernism in Fashion and Design - Essay Example The essay "Modernism to Postmodernism in Fashion and Design" states modernism, postmodernism and its relation to fashion and design. In the 1930s, a great deal of the art being produced throughout Western Europe was typically classified as Modern art, although it was then further divided into several different subcategories such as Impressionism, Fauvism, Expressionism, Art Nouveau, Art Deco, Surrealism and Abstract art. The characteristic feature of most of these art forms was that they sought to pursue the ideas behind the art rather than seeking to portray a life-like rendition of the subject matter. They also broke the rules of art, which had, until this time period, conformed to specific rules of creation and was always created within a studio where all elements could be controlled. The movement began with Impressionism, which focused on the effect of light on objects and typically portrayed scenes such as landscapes and daily life. Recognizable works from this genre include tho se of Claude Monet, Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas and Pierre Auguste Renoir. Manet’s painting, Dejeuner sur l'herbe, created in 1863, is roughly considered to be the start of the Impressionist, and therefore the Modern, movement. Fauvism represented a wilder side of Impressionism in its use of strong, vivid colors and simplified designs in expressive, meaningful ways. Artists in this movement were Henri Matisse, Andre Derain and Maurice de Vlaminch. The Expressionist movement, existing as the step-sister to Fauvism.

The WWI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The WWI - Essay Example Prior to joining the WWI, the United States enjoyed a blossoming, prosperous years that were evidenced by a rapid growth in the GDP and a positive improvement in the standards of living of the American People (Gary pp 417). However, after the war, with much of the expenses in the war having been borne by the American people, there was a considerable slump in the American economy. The average American consumer had to chuck out more to obtain the same amount of goods they would have obtained before the war. After the war, the American government tremendously reduced its number of troops and significantly reduced the pay of the remaining solders. As a result veterans returning from the war complained of the lack of other opportunities in the country. Since congress had allocated many funds to ensure success in the war and with the strain in the standard of living, the rise in inflation became persistent. After the war the government was more indebted than ever in the history of the Unit ed States. The war had cost the American government an estimated $38 million financed by the federal government and through the issue of war bonds and stamps (Cross pp 45-57). Prices of commodities shot up tremendously. Investment reduced greatly as Americans had no surplus cash due to the rising inflation.

Look at the Way Shakespeare Explores Relationships Between Men and Women in Measure for Measure Essay Example for Free

Look at the Way Shakespeare Explores Relationships Between Men and Women in Measure for Measure Essay When Shakespeare wrote Measure for Measure in approximately 1604, society was very sexist towards females and men were seen as the stronger sex, however Shakespeare included lots of strong female characters in his plays such as Portia in ‘Mercent of Venice’ and Lady Macbeth in ‘Macbeth’, he was aware that his plays wouldn’t change society and that unlimitedly, women are regarded as subservient to men. They were not allowed to vote, state their real opinions, go to university and they were never formally educated; their only expected roles in life were to run the household and provide children. Consequently, many men regarded their wives and daughters as possessions who were expected to abide by their husbands and fathers no matter what. When it came down to relationships with the opposite sex, virginity was regarded as a virtue and a prize. Men expected their wives to be pure in preparation for marriage and the women that had ‘succumbed to the pleasures of the flesh’ before they were married were considered ruined women. Men however were encouraged to learn the arts of seduction and some men of the higher class were sent to Italy to learn the art. In the society of Measure for Measure, men clearly use and abuse women. One of the main characters Angelo is placed in charge of the city in Vienna by Duke Vincentio. The Duke had been quite an easy going ruler who feels that it is time to clean up the Viennese society and administer a greater sense of honour. He chooses Angelo because of the strong characteristics and principles that he has make him stand out for being the perfect person to do so. Despite his name being a play on the word ‘angel’, he absurdly proves to be the villain of the play and along with several other male figures, he uses not only his gender but also his position of power, to exploit several members of the ‘weaker’ sex. When Angelo takes authority as ruler in the Duke’s absence he immediately wishes to make a mark. Unbeknown to him, the Duke has disguised himself as a Friar and has returned to Vienna to observe how Angelo administers ascendancy. Angelo initially comes forth as beyond criticism and determined to rule with an iron fist. When he discovers that a nobleman called Claudio has slept with his partner impregnated her, he orders Claudio be executed as an example to the citizens of Vienna, that such immorality will not be tolerated. The nobleman Claudio is introduced to us in Act 1 Scene 2. As he is being led away to prison, his friend Lucio asks the meaning of ‘this restraint’ and queries as to weather or not it is because of ‘lechery’. Claudio agrees that to a degree, his crime is one of being too lenient in terms of sexual activity and we recognize that this is a society where men and women are expected to show self-control before marriage. Claudio talks about his lover, Julietta with a certain degree of dominance; we learn he had ‘possession’ of her bed but in his justification it was ‘upon a true contract’ and it seemed the liaison was consensual. But also ‘upon a true contract’ could also mean that Julietta has donated herself to the dominant member of the relationship. Also this statement makes the ‘relationship’ appear to be almost a deal or an agreement in which has been made between the two characters. He also argues that they were as good as engaged but were waiting for the right moment to reveal the news to her family. Their sexual relationship is regarded by Claudio as ‘mutual entertainment’ and we realise that both can be held responsible for their crime however Julietta is now pregnant and they cannot hide their actions from others who can see the ‘shame’ of their union. In addition, the word mainly focused upon, is ‘possession’. This word once again reflects the sexism surrounding this era; in that the male is the dominant and most significant person. Therefore, it is clear that the women (being Julietta in this case) is almost an in-animate object, which is owned or ‘possessed’ by the man. Claudio’s sister, Isabella, is an aspiring nun and when she first heard about her brother’s arrest she snaps at Angelo with ‘make me not your story’. She honestly doesn’t believe that her brother has committed such sin and thinks it is all a story. When she comes to plead for her brother’s life, she is clearly virtuous and innocent; untainted by the ills of society and ready to offer up her life to God. Angelo is overtaken by his desires and attracted to her virtuous nature. He offers the proposition that Isabella ‘yield up’ her body to his ‘will’ and he in turn will grant a pardon for Claudio. The word ‘yield’ suggests Isabella should give in or cower before Angelo’s might as a man and as a ruler. It reflects how Elizabethan men thought of women as possessions, objects and caring about only their bodies and not their souls; that when it came to sex before marriage, women were meant to give up their bodies. Isabella is horrified and refuses, believing that by sacrificing her virginity, she sacrifices her soul. The word ‘will’ shows that Angelo dominates and expects to be obeyed in the ‘relationship’, despite her opinions or rights. As a man in a superior position, Angelo is used to being obeyed and his demands are to be met. This shows us that men treated women as objects to satisfy their needs. In light of how sexist this play has been, at the end of the play in scene 5 I become almost convinced of how vile the Duke is. He tries to portray himself as this great big hero when he helps Isabella save Claudio; but then injustices that by punishing Lucio so harshly. Prostitutes in those days were thought of as strumpets and marriage with such a person was a ‘sin’. So, Lucio is given an option to marry the whore he impregnated but he never has to repent for what he did. Actions like this in the Viennese society were highly frowned upon and this highlights even more how badly men thought about women in these situations because Lucio was devastated when the Duke told him his sentence. Isabella, originally on the verge of becoming a nun, finds herself about to marry the Duke. It is interesting that she is not given a chance to reply to the Dukes marriage proposal in the play. She is assumedly very content to become the spouse of the towns leader, mainly since he has saved her brothers life. But at the same time this situation reinforces her loss of sexual independence. The central conflict in the play revolves roughly around Isabellas rejection to follow the ways of the majority of the women in Vienna. Her marriage to the Duke confirms her virtue while denying her independence. There are no independent women in Measure for Measure. This is not strange, considering the setting and Shakespeares own era. But Measure for Measure gives its women characters even less freedom than other Shakespearean plays. Isabella is the one exception in that she refuses to respond to Angelos advances. However, she is still obedient toward the Duke, following all of his instructions. At the conclusion of the play, the Duke administers punishment to all of the people who have done wrong and rewards the good. Angelo is told to marry Mariana, and he escapes death at her request. The Duke probably does not want to execute Angelo, but wants it made clear that his crime deserves such a punishment. Marianas reward is Angelo, which she takes happily, although the Duke tells her that he is unworthy of her love. Claudio is allowed to marry Juliet, and Lucio is punished by being made to marry a prostitute. Marriage is not a specific punishment or reward; however in this situation it is definitely a punishment.

Light Touch Management Style Information Technology Essay

Light Touch Management Style Information Technology Essay Project management is the discipline of planning, organizing and managing resources to bring about the successful completion of specific project goals and objectives. A project is a predetermined effort (having specific start and completion dates) undertaken to create a unique product or service which brings about beneficial change or added value. The primary challenge of project management is to achieve the project goals and objectives while honouring the project constraints. Typical constraints are scope, time and budget. The secondary and more ambitious challenge is to optimize the allocation and integration of inputs necessary to meet pre-defined objectives. (L. Ireland) 2. Introduction Traditional project management methodologies grew out of a need to control ever-larger development projects, and the difficulties of estimating and managing these efforts to reliably deliver results. These methodologies based on the Waterfall Model (Refer Appendix) process drew heavily on the principles from engineering such as construction management, where the team needs to determine requirements, design and plan for the entire building in order to understand the full scope of the effort and maintain them in an orderly sequence (Hass K.B., 2007). The inadequacy of this process is that in real world situation the activities rarely follow a sequential order; clients find it difficult to complete certain processes completely at an early stage and then move on. A need arises to identify, track and maintain close relationships with stakeholders and customers to not only overcome pressures of unprecedented change, global competition, time to-market compression and rapidly changing technologies but also to create and deliver customer value. Augustine (2006) defines Agile Project Management as the work of energizing, empowering and enabling project teams to rapidly and reliably deliver business value by engaging customers and continuously learning and adapting to their changing needs and environments. For example Infosys, by using agile approach it has successfully integrated and standardized desktops to provide one technology foundation for the merged business of Promina group of companies and Suncorp. The project was achieved in short time with regular checking process to ensure the project remained on track. 33. BENIFITS AND CHALLENGES OF APM: Boehm H. et.al. (2005) identified three critical challenging areas that affect the software managers of large scale organisations: 3.1 DEVELOPMENT CONFLICT: Traditional project life cycles require adjustments to the agile process the reason being traditional activities are focussed on optimising development over a period of time controversial to agility which believes in delivering immediate operational results. Agile requirements being primarily functional and reasonably informal they may or may not work in any systems engineering verification of validation approach. 3.2 BUSINESS CONFLICT Todays business processes and infrastructure require almost accurate prediction of future difficult-to-estimate responsibilities. The main problem is that agile does not support the certifications like ISO, CMMI etc because of this organization rating is affected. 3.3PEOPLE CONFLICT Agile team members will perform multitasking so it is difficult for the managers to assign specific roles to the members. Agile teams must be assembled in agile workspace which demands pair-programming stations, walls for status chart for the team to coordinate and share ideas. Stakeholders may play a different role which is key for the organisation as agile requires onsite customers, customer feedback and interaction, and customer input for acceptance testing. 4. Agile Project Management The agile development methodologies deal with rapid changes include eXtreme Programming (XP),Crystal, Scrum, Adaptive Software Development (ASD), Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM) and Feature-Driven Development (FDD) (Abrahamsson P., 2003).Generally agile methods promote a project management process that mainly focuses on frequent inspection and adaptation, a leadership philosophy that encourages teamwork, self-organization and accountability, a set of engineering best practices that allow for rapid delivery of high-quality software, and a business approach that aligns development with customer needs and company goals. There are many specific agile development methods. Most promote development iterations, teamwork, collaboration, and process adaptability throughout the life-cycle of the project. Agile methods break tasks into small increments with minimal planning, and dont directly involve long-term planning. Iterations are short time frames that typically last from one to f our weeks. Iteration is worked on by a team through a full software development cycle, including planning, requirements analysis, design, coding, unit testing, and acceptance testing when a working product is demonstrated to stakeholders. This helps minimize overall risk, and lets the project adapt to changes quickly. Stakeholders produce documentation as required.. Agile methods are sometimes characterized as being at the opposite end of the spectrum from plan-driven or disciplined methods. This distinction is misleading, as it implies that agile methods are unplanned or undisciplined. A more accurate distinction is that methods exist on a continuum from adaptive to predictive. (Turner, 2004). 4.1 Agile Management Agile management technically is used mainly in IT projects or projects which use software programmes as their base. Its been well known now that software plays an important part in the Project Management practises of now a day, as it plays an important role, agile project management is also becoming an integral part of it. There are various software techniques that management teams are now employing for their Project Management needs, such as CAS (Complex Adaptive System). CAS based agile project management framework is established that prescribes six practises for managing agile development projects. These practises not only help to manage teams as complex adaptive systems but also provide with a freedom to overlay personal leadership styles. For example consider an ant colony which is an example for CAS. Individually, ants have primitive brains yet collectively run surprisingly sophisticated and efficient operations. Using a few simple rules of logic without central direction, they find food, build and maintain their nests, tend to their young, and respond to attacks (G. Anthes). Keeping the principles in mind, the project manager can tune the following practices to match their unique project situation. 4.1.1 Guiding Vision According to Margaret Wheatley, A project vision translated into a simple statement of project purpose and communicated to all team members has a powerful effect on individual member behaviour.. It is essential for the agile project managers to promote team ownership of the vision by facilitating group discussions that would eventually help the team through difficult decisions about business value and would help them focus and inspired on the ultimate goal. Agile managers guide their teams by defining, disseminating, and sustaining a vision that influences the internal models of individual agents. The Agile Manifesto (www.agilemanifesto.org) created in 2001 by the proponents of these methodologies articulated a core set of values useful in steering this vision. 4.1.2 Team Organising Agile project managers need to pay lot of attention to set up and organize a agile team to operate within the larger enterprise. Agile project managers need to seek a redundancy of function and posses generalized specialists with skills not only in their specialty areas, but in other areas as well. This would then help in organic team composition and enable adaptability to changing external conditions. If a project demands larger team size, the agile manger needs to organize the project into several small organic sub teams to work in parallel to scale up in size. Organizing a project into organic teams implies a minor interaction penalty in terms of communication and coordination overhead (De Marco). Positive collaboration can be achieved by means of the time-honoured kick-off group lunch, training sessions by sharing personal and professional information and by understanding individual team members signals. Also it is vital for agile manager to ensure that the team maintains optimal internal channels of communication while minimizing the effect of an interaction penalty. 4.1.3 Simple Rules Agile project managers should establish a set of simple, generative process rules for the team. Methodologies usually carry processes, templates, deliverables and rules along with them. These rules become so burden that they are not followed at all. Some heavier processes enforce rule compliance by auditing, resulting in being counterproductive. Team members on APM projects should follow simple rules with their interactions resulting in complex behaviour emerging from the bottom up over time. Throughout a project, the manager identifies practices that arent being followed, seeks to understand why theyre not, and removes obstacles to their implementation. For example consider Birds in a group they follow basic rules such as avoiding objects, keeping pace and staying close to other birds .By following these simple rules, group of birds exhibit complex, collective behaviour by flying for long distances and adapting to changing conditions along the way (Augustine, 2006).Also XP practices do not restrict the autonomy and creativity of individuals by providing a simple set of rules. 4.1.4 Free and Open Information To adapt an agile team information must be open and free flowing. In agile project management information flows freely and team members benefit from the power of knowledge no matter what its source. In the agile arena, information is freed to leverage its power. Collective code ownership encourages everyone to contribute to the project. For instance, Trimble Navigation New Zealand implemented XP practices as fully as possible, as these practices promote open access to information and benefited of working with an accessible in-house customer who was able to be part of the project team. 4.1.5 Light Touch Management Style In Traditional project management everything is viewed through the prism of control of change, risk and people control (Augustine, 2006).Elaborate methodologies, tools, and practices have evolved to manage an out of control world. But tools fail when linear task breakdowns cannot accommodate cyclical processes and neat schedule demand frequent updating to reflect changing circumstances. So agile managers need to manage their teams with a light touch management style that allows team autonomy and flexibility and a customer value focus without sacrificing control. Skilled professionals dont adapt well to micromanagement, and tools and techniques quickly reach their limits when not used appropriately. Managers realize that increased control doesnt yield increased order, accepting their own inability to know everything in advance while relinquishing some control to achieve greater order. 4.1.6 Adaptive Leadership (Agile Vigilance) Adaptive leadership employs systems thinking to understand a projects internal forces. For example, events are understood in terms of their patterns, or the common elements that persist in diverse circumstances. The agile manager understands the effects of the mutual interactions among a projects various parts and steers them in the direction of continuous learning and adaptation (Sanjiv et al., 2005). Double-loop Learning enable agile managers to lead teams adaptively that involves continuous observing and assessing of the effect of the practices on the project and adapting the practices such as getting Plus-Delta feedback and conducting scenario planning for maximum impact and desired results 4.2 Agile Framework Scott Amblers Agile Modelling framework provides a broader framework for creating agile processes applied to software projects. Higher level Agile Model Driven Development (AMDD) best practices came into existence when AMDD lifecycle began to combine to describe when modelling occurs on projects such as Architectural envisioning and Requirements envisioning at the beginning of the project or model storming on a Just-In-Time (JIT) basis throughout the project(Ambler,2002). Project managers and senior managers should strive to keep modelling approach as collaborative and simple as possible, by adopting as many of the principles and practises of AM to ease it gradually 4.3 Principles of Agile Management Agile methods are a family of development processes, not a single approach to software development. Some of the principles of Agile Project Management are:- Customer satisfaction by rapid, continuous delivery of useful software Working software is delivered frequently (weeks rather than months) Even late changes in requirements are welcomed Close, daily cooperation between business people and developers Face-to-face conversation is the best form of communication (Co-location) Regular adaptation to changing circumstances Simplicity Self Organising Teams. 5. Example of Agile Project Management 5.1 Executive Summary In 2002, Agile competency has started within Mahindra Satyam. It had a strong team of over a 100 consultants who were well trained in diverse skill sets to address various dimensions of Agile product implementation, support and maintenance services. The main focus was on customer delight and success. There are many challenges that an established software organization faces when shifting to Agile. While there is a wealth of information and literature on the topic, much of it is most applicable to small teams working on Greenfield projects. But when contending with several teams, multiple projects and a mix of work new products, existing products, and maintenance there is an art to figuring out how to adapt Agile so that it works for the business. The consultants are well trained in diverse sets to address the different dimensions of agile and the team is trained in various product versions including 8.5, 9x and agile e6. 5.2 Overview Mahindra Satyam is a leading global business consulting and IT services company established in June, 1987. Leveraging deep industry functional expertise, leading technology practices, and an advanced, global delivery model, we enable companies to unlock their business potential. It provides various services and solutions using agile methodology. Satyam has developed agile methodology to track costs associated in gathering and analysing the requirements, which are the primary cause for a software project to fail. Electronic Training Record (ETR) is a solution developed in agile to maintain and track the training requirements of users in pharmacy industries. Today Satyam is a part of the $6.3 billion Mahindra Group, a global industrial conglomerate and one of the top 10 industrial firms based in India. 5.3 Applying Agile Agile requires a great deal of discipline. To succeed, you need to have sound engineering practices and tooling, said Maples. Almost immediately, Agile exposes those areas that need greater attention. And how you deploy and structure your data will determine the accuracy and scale of your project. The first step was to define standards for data descriptions uniform definitions for different activities and assets across the organization. A single definition for goal story, requirement, user story. This helped to make it easier for teams to understand each others work, and allow them to manage dependencies across teams. Next, Satyam made Team Focus the standard management console for all of its delivery projects. Team Focus sits on top of all the various ALM tools and repositories for delivery organization and provides a single Agile dashboard. This enabled the teams to immediately begin adopting agile practices without making significant changes to tool support. 5.4 Agile Planning To drive alignment between its Agile teams, marketing and product management organizations, and ensure that the work that is happening sprint by sprint maps back to business goals, it relies on the connection between Team Focus and its core products to link strategic goals and plan items directly to the requirements, user stories, tasks, and test cases. Agile projects emphasize on working software, which is quite different from traditional software. Traditionally, the success of a project is measured by the functional milestone. In agile projects, however, working software is the final measurement of project status. At the end of each short iteration, a working product is produced and available for review. The main advantage of this is it provides enough time to fix any mistake during the execution of a project before it affects adversely on the project 5.5 Agile Quality 5.6 Result 100% increase in number of product releases per year Reduced administrative and planning overhead by an average of 15 hours per 3 week sprint Eliminated 6 days a month of vice president and director time spent reporting per product group Increased customer satisfaction by including minor features in maintenance releases Increased product quality, reducing issues open from release to release by 50% Increased team productivity through enhanced morale (Source: www.mahindrasatyam.com) 6. Conclusion The lack of guidance for project managers of agile development projects has been a gaping hole in the software development community over the past several years. The contrast between the world of agile software development and traditional project management has left many managers wondering what their role should be. By viewing the agile development team as a complex adaptive system and the manager as an integral part of that system, we have begun to develop a framework for managers. This framework of practices is meant to overlay the practices of existing agile methodologies such as XP, and provide clear guidelines for the visionary leadership of projects that use them. The servant-leader concept introduced by Robert Greenleaf is the most appropriate way of thinking of the agile project manager. The project can be modified as and when the process moves and can be guided to create the desired outcomes. Despite of being simple agile is a costly process. It needs an organisation with a quality team capable of working independent from the organisation coupled with desired skills and experience and a fully engaged product power;then the project will be lead in a great way. 7. References: Abrahamsson, P., Warsta, J., Siponen, M., Ronkainen, J. (2003). New directions in agile methods:Comparative analysis. In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Software Engineering,pp 244-254. Alleman G.B. (2002). Agile Project Management Methods for IT Projects, The Story of Managing Projects: A Global, Cross- Disciplinary Collection of Perspectives. Greenwood Press / Quorum Books Augustine S., Payne B., Sencindiver F., Woodcock, S. (2005). Agile Project Management: Steering From the Edges.(Vol. 48). Communications of the ACM. Issue. 12. pp. 85-89. Augustine, S. (2006). Managing Agile Projects. Printice Hall PTR. David I. Cleland, Roland Gareis (2006). Global project management handbook. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2006. ISBN 0071460454. p.1-4: Project management was formally recognized in the 1950s as a distinct discipline arising from the management discipline. DeMarco, T. The Deadline: A Novel About Project Management. Dorset House, New York, 1997. Hass K.B. (2007). The Blending of Traditional and Agile Project Management. (Vol. IX).PM World Today. Issue. V. Lewis R. Ireland (2006) Project Management. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2006. Sanjiv et al., Communication of the ACM, December 2005/ Vol.48, No. 12 Scott W. Ambler (2002). Agile Modelling. Published by John Wiley Sons , Inc., New York Anthes, G. Ant colony IT. Computerworld (2001); http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/61394/Ant_Colony_IT accessed on 15-04-2010 http://www.mahindrasatyam.com/services/erp/Agile.asp 8. Appendix Appendix-1 Model storming Active Stakeholder participation Test-driven design (TDD) Prioritized Requirements Iteration modeling Requirements Envisioning Architecture Envisioning Executable Specifications Just barely good enough Document late Multiple models Model a bit ahead Single source information AGILEMODELING Source -Ambler (2002) Appendix-2 Source: http://www.fivelakes.org/images/projectstages.png Appendix-3 Source: Hass K.B. (2007)